Abstract Previous findings suggest that Lithium Chloride (LiCl) treats the Manic episodes of Bipolar disorder by alleviating risk-taking behavior. To alter the risk-taking behavior, Lithium chloride (LiCl) is administered and then regulated by Sodium Chloride (NaCl) intake. This experiment was conducted on rats to observe the effect of LiCl consumption on their movements. The rats were given lithium chloride and...
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The Periodic Table and Periodic Trends Introduction Periodic trends are plans that appear within the occasional table that lay out different viewpoints of a certain component, tallying its gauge and its electronic properties. Major occasional patterns incorporate electro-negativity, ionization imperativeness, electron enjoying, atomic clear, dissolving point, metallic character, and ionic clear. Intermittent patterns, developing from the course of activity of...
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This report will investigate and explain the six essential nutrients that are required in our diet. The report will look at macronutrients which are needed in large amounts and micronutrients like vitamins and minerals which are only needed in small amounts, the report will also look at water. This report will include details such as specific structure, what role they...
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Purifying seawater has many benefits. Among those include providing potable water for third world countries, adequate amounts of agricultural water supply, and the ability to use the oceanic water supply as a source of drinking water. The current methods for purifying contaminated or salinated water include reverse osmosis and distillation. Both methods are energy-intensive and costly in terms of materials...
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Chemistry had been regarded as a difficult subject for students by many researchers, teachers, and science educators because of the abstract nature of many chemical concepts, teaching styles applied in the class, lack of teaching aids, and difficult symbolic language of chemistry. For a better understanding of its concepts, students need to visualize chemical structures and molecules in three dimensions....
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Research Ethanol is a compound with the formula, C2H5OH. Ethanol is a clear, colourless liquid, that boils at 78.8° Celsius and freezes at -114.1° Celsius. It is often just called âalcoholâ. It is also a good solvent â it is able to dissolve many substances that are not soluble in water. It also evaporates quickly, much faster than water. Ethanol...
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Introduction Flavonoids are the naturally occurring compounds having multiple phenolic functionalities, found in plants. It was first discovered in 1930's when its isolation and extraction was done from oranges, they were known to have another vitamin which was referred to as Vitamin P. Later on they were named as flavonoids. Basically they consists of 15 carbon atoms arranged in such...
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What is green chemistry? Green chemistry is the intention of chemical products and the developments that are used to decrease and remove the creation of hazardous substances. Green chemistry should be applied in every part of the chemicalâs life cycle from its creation and manufacture to its disposal (US EPA, 2019). Green chemistry begins at molecular level and applies to...
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Introduction Chemistry, often dubbed the "central science," serves as a pivotal link between the physical and life sciences. Despite its fundamental contributions to technological and scientific advancements, chemistry frequently encounters criticism from various quarters. Some argue that it contributes to environmental degradation and public health hazards. However, a closer inspection reveals that the benefits of chemistry overwhelmingly outweigh its perceived...
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Abstract Chemical weapons are specialized weapons to inflict death or harm on humans. For example, blister agents will burn a personâs mucous membranes, skin and eyes. Chemical weapons were used during war as it is deadly and stealthy. During world war 1,there was a colorless chemical weapon that makes the soldiers did not noticed that they have received a fatal...
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Green Chemistry is essentially chemistry that reduces or eliminates hazardous substances in its processes and products. It is more than cleaning up pollution or treating hazardous waste, itâs keeping the hazardous chemicals out of the environment and stopping pollution at its source. It is important because if we are to reverse climate change, we canât just clean up pollution, we...
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Introduction Analytical chemistry considers and employs a variety of equipment and methods in order to separate, identify and quantify matter. After the first flame tests in 1860, the importance of qualitative and quantitative analysis has been identified and major advancements have been made with many of the spectroscopic and spectrometric methods only being refined in the late 20th century. One...
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Rationale Forensic chemistry is the application of chemistry, forensic toxicology, in a legal setting. A forensic chemist can assist in the identification of unknown materials and instruments found at a crime scene. Forensic Chemists have a wide array of methods used to identify unknown substances including High performance liquid chromatography (HPCL), gas chromatography (GC), atomic absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared...
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Our human health and the global environment are threatened by the adverse effects of development in different field of science. Our bodies are contaminated with a large number of synthetic industrial chemicals, many of which are known to be toxic and carcinogenic while others remain untested for their health effects. They come to us from unlabeled products, chemically contaminated food,...
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Abstract Rosaniline hydrochloride (RH) is a triaminotriphenyl methane dye, which is widely used as biological stain, mordant, printing, in cotton tannings, and dyeing in textile industry. The reaction obeys first order kinetics with respect to RH and IO4-. The reaction is around hundred times faster in the presence of CTAB compared to aqueous medium under identical conditions. This is due...
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Chemistry is concerned with the complex arrangements and substances of which all of matter is made from. How these molecules react with other molecules and energy has given us our understanding of the universe as it is known. Therefore, I believe it is correct to view chemistry as a âcentral scienceâ. Chemistryâs importance can be seen throughout most scientific disciplines....
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Description of Case and Major Issues Humans used salt for thousands of years but known as a mineral around the 20th century. Salt had been used for thousands of applications worldwide, in the USA it was primarily used for highway dicing, and as an input into the chemicals, food-processing, water-treatment, and agricultural industries (Henderson et al., 2009). Compass Minerals International,...
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Functional Comparison Researchers, environmentalists, and vehicle owners, among others, are keen on knowing if EVs produce less GHG emissions or have smaller carbon footprint than ICEVs. Disclosure of relevant data by vehicle manufacturers to the public like the LCA models and standards adopted as well as methods of data collection and analysis is vital for comparison of the vehiclesâ PCF....
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If you've been wondering about the difference between osmosis and diffusion for some time then you're in luck because today we're going to lift the lid on these two often confused words in an accessible manner that you'll be able to easily understand. In their base form, both words are actually direct opposites of one another. You'll soon understand precisely...
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Introduction Colloids are heterogenous biphasic system in which the colloidal particles are dispersed or suspended over another substance. The colloidal particles have the size ranging from 1 to 1000 nano meters, these colloidal particles are larger than solution but not large enough to settle out. Colloidal systems can be classified into 3 types namely lyophilic colloids, lyophobic colloids and association...
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The original experiment qualitatively examined the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction. This experiment occurred by measuring two concentrations (0.5M and 1M) of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in both powder and solid form 10g of Calcium Carbonate affected the rate of reaction. The original experiment consisted of only one trial and two concentrations of hydrochloric acid (HCl). This led...
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Rationale The main component of marble chips is calcium carbonate, CaCO3, which is an alkaline compound. With this property, marble chips are generally used as an acid neutralization material in many real-life applications, such as streams, lakes and soils where there is a certain level of acidity (Pol, 2020). When CaCO3 reacts with acid, for example hydrochloric acid (HCl), a...
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Large populations of humans tend to live near bodies of water. Because of these dense populations, water quality is an issue in these areas. Due to natural and anthropogenic changes, water quality can become poor (Duodu et. al). Contaminants negatively affect water quality from many sources such as disposal of liquid effluents, runoff carrying harmful chemicals that may be urban,...
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Introduction Diffusion is that the net movement of anything from an area of upper concentration to an area of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in concentration and the thermal diffusivity is the thermal conductivity divided by density and specific heat capacity at constant pressure. It measures the speed of transfer of warmth of structure from heated end...
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Chromatography is used to distinguish various components from product mixtures. All types of chromatography have a stationary phase (a solid or a solid-based liquid) and a mobile phase (a liquid or a gas). The mobile phase moves through the stationary phase. Distribution of analyte takes place through columns has stationary phase fixed into its internal surface area. The coloumn is...
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The purpose of this experiment was to determine the identity of an unknown diprotic or triprotic acid by performing a standard titration procedure. Standardized NaOH was used to titrate the unknown acid and the changes in pH and volumes were recorded. The molar mass (98.4g/mol), pKa (1.81), and Ka () were calculated. The overall findings resulted in the identification of...
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Chromatography is an important physical technique that is used for separation, identification, and purification of multi-component mixtures for qualitative and quantitative analysis (Coskun, 2016). There are many types of chromatographic systems such as liquid chromatography, which began in the late 1930s (Guiochon, Felinger, Shirazi and Katti, 2006), and gas chromatography, which was developed in the 1950s (Scott, 1995). A very...
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Introduction and Background information The aims of this experiment were to quantitatively analyse cranberry juice samples using the technique of spectrophotometry and also, to determine the percentage of pure, natural cranberry juice in a selection of cranberry juice drink products. Spectrophotometry is a technique used to measure the level of the chemical constitutes in a solution based on the absorption...
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Sustainability of good health depends upon purity of water. The toxic heavy metals presence in water bodies arises from the discharge of untreated effluents or dumping of solid waste containing heavy metal salts. Leaching of these heavy metals into water bodies causes various health hazards. Urbanization of rural areas has led to contamination of ground as well as surface water...
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Background Electricity is generated when coal is crushed into fine powder and burned in boilers to heat water and that in turn produces steam. The steam is directed onto blades of a turbine to make it spin. This in turn spins the magnetic rotor inside the coil to generate electricity. This process emits harmful gases and produces harmful bi-products that...
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