RATIONALE Soil pH is the measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions in the soil. It is measured in the range of 1 – 14, 1 being the most acidic and 14 being the most alkaline while 7 serves as the midpoint representing neutral substances like water. Soil pH is an essential measure in determining the availability...
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Rationale The nitrogen cycle (Figure 1.0.1) is complex and involves chemical, geological and biological processes. Flora, fauna and various bacteria are involved. Air is approximately 79% nitrogen but nitrogen gas cannot be used by most living organisms. Instead, plants must obtain their nitrogen from the soil as nitrate and animals obtain their nitrogen from plants or other animals. Nitrogen is...
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The higher the temperature the faster the particles move. This is because of the kinetic energy, the more kinetic energy there is, the greater the chance is for a collision that results in a reaction. More energetic particles have a higher chance of “COLLIDING SUCCESSFULLY because they will collide more often thus increasing the number of successful collisions PER SECOND,...
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Rationale In the practical experiment conducted different concentration levels of Tea Tree oil were used against the bacteria of Micrococcus Luteus to measure the effectiveness of Tea Tree oil at different concentrations. The experiment was originally the practical of “Which of the six natural antibiotics was most effective against the spread of Staphylococcus Epidermis and Micrococcus Luteus?” To the practical...
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Abstract This investigation discusses the relationship between the specific glucose concentration in three solutions Coke, Gatorade and Sucrose. This spectrophotometer was used, this is a device to measure absorbed light intensity as a function of wavelength of 340nm and record visible regions of glucose and sucrose. The experiment found that glucose obtained and concentration of 1.83g/100mL in Coke and 1.2g/100mL...
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Abstract The textile industries mainly generate huge quantities of untreated wastewater leading to increased water pollution and human diseases in India.The present study deals with the collection of textile industry effluent and its characterization to find out the heavy metal load generated from textile industries, on the natural waste water streams. The major pollution indicating parameters and heavy metals were...
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INTRODUCTON A redox reaction is a type of chemical reaction “that involves a transfer of electrons between two species” (Spohrer, Breitenbuecher & Brar, 2019). For a reaction to be classified as redox, there must be one species that is reduced and another that is oxidised. This means that both reduction (the gain of electrons) and oxidation (the loss of electrons)...
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Introduction In our modern society, a plethora of chemical processes and reactions are commonly found in our everyday environment and are significant parts of the products we use. One such process is a redox equation, which consists of oxidation and reduction. Originally, oxidation and reduction were viewed in terms of adding or removing oxygen. Now, they are defined in three...
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Introduction Electrolysis is when an electric current pass through a chemical solution to create a non-spontaneous chemical reaction (Britannica, 1998). Electrolysis can be used to separate compounds into its original elements (libretexts, 2019). In electrolysis, the reduction - or the gain of electrons - and the oxidation - or the loss of electrons occurs. This is referred to as Redox...
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ABSTRACT Water is the most essential piece of the puzzle on how the human body functions and is constantly being used to maintain cell, tissue and organ functions (Laskey and Sinha, 2019). Humans loose water through breathing, digesting and sweating so it is important to remain hydrated. However, water is constantly being recycled so any contamination can be hard to...
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Introduction The membranes of cells are made up of a fluid imitating, semi-permeable plasma membrane. This is made up of a phospholipid bilayer. A phospholipid bilayer is comprised of phospholipids (see figure 1) and various membrane proteins. The lipid tails of the phospholipids are hydrophobic (repel water) and the phosphate heads are hydrophilic (attract water). In order to ensure the...
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As discussed in Part 3, my client’s macronutrient consumption values met AMDR recommendations in all areas. However, my client’s consumption of carbohydrates bordered on the lower region of the 45-65% range (NHMRC, 2013). Over the three days my client averaged a total of 169g of carbohydrates per day, equating to 49.6% of total energy consumed. Further evaluation of his diet...
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Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the glucose concentration in popular drinks coke and Gatorade and to identify how a changing environment can impact the hydrolysis of sucrose. This was examined by a series of mutli- enzymatic reactions of glucose resulting in NADPH, measured by a spectrophotometer at 340nm. The results showed the glucose concentration of coke...
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Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to determine the concentration of glucose in an assortment of drinks – Coke, Gatorade, and a sucrose solution. This was achieved through the use of a spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance of NADPH, which is directly linked to the glucose content, produced via a multistep enzymatic reaction. The results indicated a directly proportional...
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Rationale There are chemical reactions occurring all around us and without them, even humans would not be able to live. Chemical reactions have major factors that affect the rate of the reaction; temperature is one of those major factors. For example, bread dough rises more quickly in a warm place instead of a cool one, and warm-blooded animals regulate their...
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RATIONALE Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts within living cells. Catalysts increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur without being consumed or permanently altered themselves by lowering their activation energy (Christensen, 2018). Every enzyme has a region called active site, where enzymes are binds to a substrate to create another enzyme and carries a reaction. Enzyme is important...
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Chromatography is the best technique for identifying different chemicals within a mixture. Rationale Forensic chemistry is the application of chemistry, forensic toxicology, in a legal setting. A forensic chemist can assist in the identification of unknown materials found at a crime scene. Forensic Chemists have a wide array of methods used to identify unknown substances including HPCL chromatography, gas chromatography-mass...
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Rationale This scientific report aims to determine if different amounts of Mylanta liquid, when increased in dosage size, is more effective in relieving heartburn faster. The human stomach is a muscular, stretchable sac with a sphincter (ring of muscle) at each end and contains hydrochloric acid which activates pepsinogen ('Biology: A human emphasis', n.d.). This then breaks down the food...
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Introduction The purpose of this investigation was to find the quantitative data for the reaction between a solution of Sodium iodide and a solution of Lead (II) nitrate. This was done by finding when the limiting reactant changed from one solution to the other. To achieve this, one of the two reactants in the experiment was chosen to maintain the...
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Background research Ethanol Ethanol is a chemical compound and a simple alcohol with a chemical formula . It is volatile, flammable, colorless and transparent liquid. It is main type of alcohol in alcoholic drinks. It is produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts or petrochemical processes. Ethanol is also used a clean burning fuel (Wikipedia, 2019). It can be...
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Abstract The aim of this experiment is to discover if there is any connection between ph and electrical conductivity. In order to achieve this, five solutions with varying ph levels were measured. With this, this experiment also shows the conductivity of baking soda, lemon juice, dishwashing detergent, milk and white vinegar. From this experiment, the solutions from most acidic to...
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EAWEEDS are marketed as “functional foods” or “nutraceuticals” due to their highly biochemical ingredients, and they are vital as food supplement in order to relinquish physiological condition and resist diseases. In the present study, the biochemical compositions of the seaweeds Caulerpa racemose, Digenea simplex, Sargassum polycystum and Cystoseria myrica were studied. The total protein, carbohydrate, lipid, fatty acids, amino acid,...
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The heavy metal pollution in the soil is one of the major threats to the environment due to its accumulative nature and non- biodegradability. Both natural such as geologic parent material, volcanic eruptions, wind - blown dusts in deserts and anthropogenic such as agricultural, mining, sewage water, industrial, transportation sources can be the reason of heavy metal pollution in environment...
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Distilled water has a pH of seven (neutral) and most plants grow best with a soil pH of 6, as most have adapted to places in the world with slightly acidic rain. Most plants cannot grow with a pH under six, as necessary micro nutrients for growth usually cannot survive in the acidity. The best pH solution for green beans...
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Introduction Global warming, a significant and escalating concern, stems largely from the accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the Earth's atmosphere. Among the myriad of strategies proposed to mitigate this phenomenon, biofuels have emerged as a promising solution. Derived from biological materials, biofuels offer a renewable energy source that could potentially reduce the dependency on fossil fuels. However, the efficacy...
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Abstract Salinity is an abiotic stress factor which affects the morphological and physiological characteristics of plants. In order to investigate the effects of different concentrations (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mM) of NaCl on some morphological and physiological parameters in Roselle, an experiment was conducted using a simple randomized design with three replicates. The results showed that salt stress...
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Plant in focus The Allium Cepa is a vegetable, commonly known as the Onion. It is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium as it is valued for its flavours, antioxidant and therapeutic properties (Joshi & Sawant 2012). It belongs to the ‎Amaryllidaceae family, consisting of mainly perennial and bulbous flowering plants (Taxonomy and etymology of Onions 2019)....
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The mass of each will be recorded at 24 hours and then again at 48 hours, to provide data for an approximate curve of when osmosis is fastest to when or if the line plateau’s out, indicating that equilibrium has been reached. These curves between each concentration of solution can be compared to create a visual comparison of osmosis. A...
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First we need to know what is diet? Diet is a special plan to preserve or maintain our body shape from being fat or slim, dieting is a pattern of eating food in a managed and regulated style to decrease, maintain, or increase body weight. Another meaning of diet, it is conscious control or limitation of the eating regimen. A...
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Have you learned that salt is bad for you if you take too much up to this day? And do you know how much salt a human body needs in a single day for every meal. Mostly, Malaysians do not know how much to take with each meal due to lack of awareness in this matter. The adults often take...
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