Introduction DNA fingerprinting, also known as DNA profiling, is a powerful technique used in forensic science to identify individuals based on their unique genetic makeup. Developed in the mid-1980s by Sir Alec Jeffreys, this method has revolutionized the field of forensic analysis, offering an unprecedented level of accuracy in criminal investigations, paternity cases, and identification of remains. The peculiarities of...
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Introduction Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis has revolutionized the field of forensic science, providing an unparalleled method for identifying individuals with a high degree of accuracy. The advent of DNA fingerprinting, also known as genetic fingerprinting, has made significant contributions to criminal justice, paternity testing, and personal identification. This essay explores the intricate processes involved in DNA analysis and the procedures...
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Introduction As most people know, DNA is the heredity material in humans. What some people may not know is that DNA is the heredity material in all living organisms. DNA is mostly found in the nucleus of the cell, which is enclosed with a nuclear membrane. Contained within the membrane is the majority of the cell’s genetic material. The main...
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Microbiome Research The term “microbiome” is defined as the collection of the microbial taxa or microbes and their genes. Thus, it gives an idea of all the organisms and genomes that composes a sample (Xia, Sun, & Chen, 2018). In 2005, with advances in DNA-sequencing technologies such as 454 Pyrosequencing and Illumina sequencing, researchers started to analyze DNA extracted directly...
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Introduction DNA methylation, a crucial epigenetic mechanism, involves the addition of a methyl group to the DNA molecule, typically at cytosine bases. This process plays a significant role in regulating gene expression, maintaining genomic stability, and modulating cellular processes. As individuals age, DNA methylation patterns undergo dynamic changes, often resulting in altered gene expression profiles. These changes are associated with...
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It was hypothesised that if the fruit was mixed with dishwashing liquid, salt, water and ethanol, then DNA would be extracted. This was supported. The aim, of the experiment was to extract DNA from fruit and look at it under the microscope. This was achieved based on the results of the experiment. Adequate amounts of DNA were extracted from the...
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Evolution of Herbicide Resistance Weeds On a large geographical scale, many independent evolutionary events could simultaneously interplay for the emergence of herbicide resistance (Bonny, 2016). Regular use of glyphosate on a considerable proportion of GM crop fields makes the assumption of glyphosate resistance development a reasonable hypothesis. It is not mandatory for weeds to be a poorer competitor than susceptible...
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Apurinic and apyrimidind (abasic or AP) sites are the most common DNA lesions that have the ability to block replicative polymerases. Stem cell-specific 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-binding protein (HMCES) covalently crosslinks to the AP site and prevents genome instability. An HMCES DNA-protein crosslink (DPC) with an AP site within a 3′ overhang DNA is able to shield the Ap site from endonucleases and...
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INTRODUCTION METAVERSE Dual-Chain is a block-chain system that satisfactorily implements the Dual-Chain Network Setup or Architecture (DNA) in providing optimum and satisfaction-level scalability, security, inter-operabililty and de-centralization. Metaverse, is not just different from other chains, but comparatively more beneficial and it offers optimized features. Unlike in other chains where one functionality or feature's quality is compromised for the other, Metaverse,...
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Introduction to DNA's Role in Biological Systems DNA is of pivotal importance to science and technology as it holds the genetic information required to guide the life of every organism and the survival of every species. It contains the instructions needed to make proteins and coordinate internal processes throughout an organism’s entire lifespan. Without DNA, individuals would not be able...
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a self-replicating material which is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. DNA was discovered in 1860. The molecule now known as DNA was first identified in the 1860s by a Swiss chemist named Johann Friedrich Miescher. Johann set out to research the key components...
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Introduction DNA profiling has emerged as a pivotal tool in forensic science and beyond, revolutionizing our approach to criminal investigation, medical diagnostics, and identity verification. This technique involves analyzing specific regions of the DNA to create a unique genetic fingerprint for an individual. The importance of DNA profiling cannot be overstated, as it has provided an unprecedented level of accuracy...
DNA
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In an ideal world, we would walk freely knowing we aren't being tracked. However in our reality more and more people get entered to a DNA database everyday. DNA profiling is a technique in which the police compare DNA found at the crime scene to someone else DNA from the database to see if they can get it to match...
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Introduction The advent of genetic engineering has ushered in an era of unprecedented scientific possibilities, sparking significant debate over its ethical implications. Genetic engineering involves the direct manipulation of an organism's DNA to alter hereditary traits, a capability that holds potential for revolutionary advancements in medicine, agriculture, and environmental conservation. However, alongside these promising prospects, the ethical concerns surrounding genetic...
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A eukaryotic cell is a cell that incorporates DNA which is surrounded by a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells have a few things in common that cells have. The endosymbiotic idea clarifies how eukaryotic cells have evolved from prokaryotic cells that lived collectively. Prokaryotic cells do not have any nucleus and are not membrane bound organelles in which as...
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Viruses have continuously challenged our perception of what ‘living’ means. The scientific community have constantly debated whether viruses are classified as living or non-living organisms. Viruses are very important complexes of biochemical that influence all types of living organisms including bacteria, yeast, plants and animal cells. Viruses are blobs of RNA or DNA surrounded by a coat of protein. They...
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INTRODUCTION The study and research of biomedical science involves uncovering the secrets of the human body whilst developing an understanding of disease, diagnosis, and treatment (Heitman, E. 2000). This means biomedical scientists must not only understand how to treat a disease, but must understand what caused that disease, how that disease can be identified and differentiated from other diseases, how...
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Introduction The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic triggered an unprecedented global health crisis, necessitating the rapid development of effective vaccines. This challenge catalyzed the utilization of advanced biotechnology, particularly RNA and DNA-based technologies, in vaccine development. These innovations offered promising pathways to develop vaccines swiftly and effectively, given their unique capabilities in immunological manipulation. At the forefront of this technological...
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Introduction Homosexuality, a sexual orientation characterized by romantic or sexual attraction to members of the same sex, has been a subject of scientific inquiry for decades. Understanding its origins necessitates an exploration into biological, environmental, and social factors. Among these, genetics has emerged as a significant area of interest. The question of whether homosexuality is genetically predetermined has profound implications...
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Introduction Behavioural genetics can be defined as the study of genetics that is used to investigate the difference in nature and behaviour in livestock. It focuses on the influences of genetics mainly the genetics and the environment influences. The concept was discovered by Francis Galton in the 19th century. However, the survey of the literature on genetics was discovered recently...
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In this class I have really enjoyed learning about the issues in Biology. In rating the issues we have discussed in class from most important to least important I would list pandemics and genetics/cancer as my top two choices, followed by natural selection/evolution, sustainability, human population, biotechnology/GMO’s and, lastly, climate change. I chose to put pandemics at the top of...
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INTRODUCTION Everyone wishes to attain and maintain healthy body weight. However, the weight that one gains is influenced by three main factors which are: genetics, diet, and aerobic physical exercises (Singh, Kumar, & Mahalingam, 2017). A healthy weight is defined as body weight that doesn't increase one's probability of developing comorbid weight-related problems such as type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension,...
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A genetic disease is typically an illness that rises due to the deformity of the genetic makeup of a person. Genetic disorders may occur in a single-gene, chromosomal or complex disorders. Obesity is one of these diseases that is caused by genetic disorders. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 8.5 percent of individuals who were above 18 years had...
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‘The Social Life of DNA’ by Alondra Nelson goes in depth explaining how genetic testing can be the key to discovering our roots. Nelson highlights the concept that people, specifically African Americans, should rediscover their roots to find out who they are and where they came from. Through DNA testing, such as 23andMe and AncestryDNA, people were able to gain...
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Throughout the history of the American justice system there has been no shortage of evolutions both in practice of all aspects of the American justice system but also evolutions in technology that makes the justice system more precise. This increase in accuracy among all phases of the justice system maintains the assertation that someone will be found guilty beyond reasonable...
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When someone thinks back to the 1950s, they might think of a happy family or a time of prosperity before the Vietnam War. The harsh reality was the opposite; people were still segregated by race and it was the time of the “Trapped Housewife.” But despite the inequality many faced in this decade, there were societal changes, innovations, and influential...
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It is impossible to imagine the modern world without computers. Today’s computers help the work force perform their jobs more efficiently and offers hundreds of benefits to the business. The most impacting benefits include saving money and time. Some of the most noticeable benefits include automating reports, increasing interaction among employees and managers, and dramatically increasing communications on a global...
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This article essay reviews ‘When Markers Meet Marketing: Ethnicity, Race, Hybridity, and Kinship in Genetic Genealogy Television Advertising’ (Scodari, December 2017). This review includes a summary, discussion, and critique about the article mentioned. It includes many topics including DNA analysis and its relationship with ethnicity, race, hybridity, and many more. This review manages to discuss each point and topic in...
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The purpose of this essay is to examine the credibility and validity of forensic hair morphology. This study examines the morphological physical characteristics of human hair. Microscopical hair analysis only compares class characteristics and does not obtain any genetic information linked to an individual. In recent years there has been increasing controversy over the admissibility and reliability of hair comparison...
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Introduction Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is one of the major obstetric complications that has been associated with term consequences as poor postnatal outcomes, perinatal morbidity, and mortality. (1). Nowadays, early prediction of FGR is the primary goal in maternal-fetal medicine, followed by prevention strategies in the antenatal period. Many thriving screening models like combining biochemical markers with Doppler were studied,...
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