Abstract A combination of DNA computing and a genetic algorithm is announced for RGB image encryption. The model is strong based on the scrambling technique of DNA computing operations using the crossover and mutation process and establishing a dynamic key based on a genetic algorithm, including a set of parameters such as population size, number of generation and mutation probability....
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Scientific Discovery of CRISPR-Cas9 in Gene Editing Limited scientific explorations can revolutionize a field within a short time, but experts are currently able to manipulate cells unimaginably, all due to a CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) technology. As biologists continually sharpen instruments for deleting, replacing, and modifying DNA, CRISPR strategy has evolved into a popular genome engineering method....
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Abstract DNA purification is a process that can be done by different methods to extract a DNA from any living organism. The aim of this experiment was to purify a DNA from kiwi fruit, and once itâs extracted it can be used for molecular analyses, sequencing and fingerprinting. The main concept of purification a DNA is to isolate it from...
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Abstract Haemoglobin is a protein found in the red blood cell (RBC), which consists of 4 protein components in which 2 of the components are called alpha-globin and the other 2 are called beta-globin. This protein helps to carry oxygen around the bodyâs tissues and organs. This investigation focuses on beta-globin. The purpose of this investigation is to find out...
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Introduction Food adulteration can be defined as adding removing or replacing any substance which will eventually exaggerate the natural quality of any food product. Producing food with high quality and safety should be the main focus of food industry. But as in for today food manufacturers are more tend to manufacture food with adulterants (Mi et al., 2015). These food...
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Introduction Humans have tens of thousands of genes, and the development of DNA microarrays by Patrick O. Brown, Joseph DeRisi, David Botstein, and colleagues in the mid-1990s made it possible to examine the expression of thousands of genes at once. Initial experiments using microarrays focused on determining which genes were expressed differently between normal cells and cancerous cells. Over time,...
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There has been a long history of forced sterilization in the United States. Many of these coerced sterilizations were targeted towards poor people, minorities and those who were disabled. According to a peer reviewed journal, Mexican American and Eugenic Sterilization, one of the root cases of sterilization, is Buck v. Bell. Carrie Buck was a woman who had been taken...
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The fight for reproductive rights has been a long and continuous one that has been prominent for centuries. A womanâs right to have control and power over her own body and its abilities has been historically difficult to achieve, due to the patriarchal structure of our society, and is a battle that women are still fighting globally. However, there was...
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Abstract Gene therapy has gained large interest in the scientific field for potential therapeutic applications since the development of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing techniques. The effectiveness of CRISPR/Cas9 to treat disease has been demonstrated in studies regarding HIV, liver disease, and triple negative breast cancer, but little is known about its ability to treat oculocutaneous (OCA1) albinism. OCA1 albinism is associated...
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In the 20th century, there was a period of murder and brutality that was brought on by the eugenics movement. This cruelty mainly occurred in Nazi controlled Germany during World War II, but the eugenics movement was quite strong in the United States of America as well. Eugenics is the controlled sexual or asexual reproduction of people to encourage people...
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Gene mutation is defined as a permanent alternation in the DNA sequence which makes up a gene that makes the DNA sequence differs from that of most people. Gene mutation could be further divided into two types which are hereditary mutations and acquired mutations. The difference between hereditary mutations and acquired mutations is that hereditary mutations are inherited from a...
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As Valle (n.d) pointed out âIn editing the human genome, scientists must worry about unintended consequences, changes to other parts of the genome that are called off-target effect. Fix one thing, we have broken something else. (as cited in Hopkins, 2017)â. In other words, by developing technologies, scientists have tried out all possible ways of modifying the genes of animals,...
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Introduction The Human Genome Project was the start of an era of exploration into what makes people tick. The Project helped to identify and map all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. The fulfillment of the Human Genome Project allowed researchers to pinpoint what genes were mutated and liable for certain...
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SUMMARY The Cry1Ac gene found in our modification comes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, and thus is the gene placed in soybean plants. This gene produces delta endotoxin proteins, which form crystals that exert a specific toxin against some species of larvae. The crystal toxins then act as an insecticide against some species of feeding larvae, killing the larvae, and...
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Abstract The goal of this experiment was to isolate and sequence the GAPDH gene from Lilac. To extract, amplify, and transform the genomic DNA, we used PCR and nested PCR. This data was observed with gel electrophoresis and plating, which allows us to analyze the effectiveness of the ligation. pJET1.2 provided an essential restriction site that included eco47IR that killed...
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Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) and advanced biotechnologies have a very large impact on the environment, agriculture and human medicine. Many people including scientists believe this is the way of the future. These people see all of the benefits of being able to produce solutions to worldwide problems. With all of the supporters, come the skeptics. There are a lot of...
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DNA chemical reactions have found a couple of industrial applications. Targeting protein bound to DNA for manipulation of disease prognosis is gaining a lot of interest among scientists. Due to advancement of in silico technology, thousands of molecules can be search for protein interaction. Molecules with the best docking properties to target proteins can then be synthesized in the lab...
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Introduction Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is one of the major obstetric complications that has been associated with term consequences as poor postnatal outcomes, perinatal morbidity, and mortality. (1). Nowadays, early prediction of FGR is the primary goal in maternal-fetal medicine, followed by prevention strategies in the antenatal period. Many thriving screening models like combining biochemical markers with Doppler were studied,...
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âWe used to think that our fate was in the stars, but now we know that our fate is in our genes,â said Dr. James Watson (After Darwin, 2005). Genes are the physical and functional fundamental units of heredity. Genes are a specific segment of DNA that determine our inherited traits. Every gene has two copies, one copy from each...
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Abstract The following paper presented follows gene therapy throughout its journey. Analyzing data from the past to the present and the possibilities that are to come in the future, we gain a better understanding of what gene therapy is and why it is important in our society today. âGene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or...
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The rise of eugenics was popularized with Francis Galton in the 19th century. Galton devoted much of his scholarly life to exploring variation in human populations and its implications. Galton established a research program which looked at variations in human populations: mental characteristics, height, facial images, fingerprint patterns, etc. This required inventing measures of traits, devising large-scale collection of data...
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Up until recent years, illnesses such as cystic fibrosis, Alzheimerâs, leukemia, and many more diseases have been classified as incurable. These lifelong ailments have brought despair and hopelessness onto the lives of many people. However, with the recent break in scientific technology and the gene editing tool Crispr-Cas9, these once untreatable illnesses could be as easy to cure as the...
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Introduction DNA fingerprinting, a powerful tool in modern forensic science, has revolutionized the way we approach identification and verification in both criminal justice and personal identification. Developed in the mid-1980s by Sir Alec Jeffreys, this technique leverages the unique genetic makeup inherent in individuals to create a biological signature. DNA fingerprinting involves analyzing specific sequences within the human genome that...
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Introduction DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a rich source of evidence used in forensic investigations. It is extracted from the nucleus from biological samples such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, saliva, urine and the hair of the root. Every individual has a unique DNA sequence. This is known as a âprofileâ. In the 1980s, Alec Jefferey (14) had discovered that a...
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Genetic engineering or what is also called recombinant DNA technology is the process of using diverse biotechnology to change an organismâs genome. Gene technology means transferring genes to an organism to create a new and improved version. There are two very different types of genetic modifications; somatic genetic modification and germline genetic modification. Somatic genetic modification adds, cuts or changes...
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INTRODUCTION The TNXB gene is cytogenically located at the histocompatibility complex III on chromosome 6 in the human genome (6p21.33- p21.32). The gene has a unique structure as it overlaps with other genes by embedding its 5â and 3â end in CREBL1 and CYP21 genes respectively. It is the gene that encodes for Tenascin X which can also be called...
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Introduction Gene editing focuses on inserting DNA, deleting it or modifying it, or in some cases even replacing it in the genome of the chosen organism (Richter, 2016). Clustered regular interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) is seen as an innovating piece of technology and a useful technique within the genetic editing field (Redman et al, 2016). CRISPR can identify DNA,...
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CRISPR or Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (Broad Institute, 2019) is a relatively new discovery in genetic sciences with many useful applications across many fields. CRISPR is extracted from a bacterium and was initially thought of to be a part of bacterial immune system. It has what are known as spacer sequences that contain past genetic code of bacteriophages...
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Eugenics and genetic improvements are practices that emerge from advancement in genetic understanding and that essentially seek to improve the human race. Eugenics particular is a practice that advocates for controlled human breeding where people with undesirable genetic or hereditary traits are prevented to mate and thus do not pass those traits onto others. genetic enhancement, on the other hand,...
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A Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia is a birth defect that causes a tear in the diaphragm that pushes abdominal organs into the chest cavity, therefore, preventing proper lung development. CDH occurs in one out of 3,000 live births, and has a high mortality and morbidity rate (POBER 2007), with survivors requiring high technology-driven interventional perinatal care (STOLAR 2012) in tertiary or...
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