Introduction The question of how to define what a species is has been a contentious issue for as long as the concept has been around. Even without a consensus on definitions the idea of a species is fundamental to all fields of biology, especially so with evolutionary biology. The term “I know it when I see it” can be a...
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INTRODUCTION Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are a group of neurodegenerative diseases with progressive degeneration of motor neurons (MNs) that lead to muscle weaknesses, loss of ambulation, and chronic disability, ultimately causing premature death in patients (Cappella et al., 2019). Two representative examples are spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), both severe MNDs that share pathological, cellular, and...
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ABSTRACT To take complete advantage of the large and rapidly increasing body of sequence information, advanced technologies are very much required. Among the most powerful tools for genomics are high-density arrays of oligonucleotides or cDNAs. Exploration of the genome using DNA microarray should narrow the gap in our knowledge between gene function and molecular biology. Nucleic acid arrays or simply...
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For those that watch television crime dramas, the use of DNA evidence appears to be the final nail in the conviction coffin. Television portrays DNA as direct evidence; evidence that proves the existence of the fact without the use of interferences or presumptions. In reality, DNA is wholly circumstantial in nature. In this paper I will be focusing on what...
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INTRODUCTION For this topic, I plan to discuss eugenics and the forced sterilization of women in the early 20th century. I plan to explain how mostly the disabled, immigrants, and minorities were targeted as well as the implications of that. I will explain the racist and ableist roots of this era of American history, and how it’s tied with the...
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Diseases come in various types and subtypes and they all possess diverse underlying mechanisms. A common factor in all of them is the influence of the genetic background that is unique to every individual. The presence of susceptibility genes and modifier genes in our genome provides insights into the way our bodies respond to disease-causing factors and the complicated gene-gene...
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Involuntary sterilization in the United states started with the Eugenics movement in early 20th century. Eugenics was a compulsory sterilization movement that was of decreasing non-favorable population, including disables, feeble-minded and non-Anglo people in US. (Barnett, 2004). Although the idea of manipulating human reproduction to improve the species has been traced back to Plato's Republic (circa 368 BCE) and beyond,...
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Abstract Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has a great role as a driving force in the evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes and has occupied a major role in evolutionary thinking. Many studies have shown how prokaryotic evolution has been manipulated by HGT such as the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The importance of HGT in eukaryotes has long been eclipsed...
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Abstract In today’s society, there are numerous children that are born with a childhood disease that is life-threatening. Many children do not live past the age of five with some of these debilitating diseases. As a result, researchers are tackling the crisis by editing the mutated gene of the child while in gestation. Therefore, this will eliminate the possibly that...
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Many believe that DNA is the silver bullet in a crime scene investigation, to which I strongly disagree. Quoting Chris Alpen, ‘DNA can never replace a thoughtful, creative detective with the right resources’, and that ‘technology is ultimately a system run by humans where mistakes can and will be made, regardless of how advanced it is.’ DNA is powerful in...
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Phrenology was a pseudoscience that aimed to study the size and shapes of skulls in order to determine one’s mental abilities, or lack thereof (Real Archaeology, 2017). This “science” was welcomed in the early 1800’s but it has since been refused by most scientists for at least the past 50 or 60 years. Even though we may reject it now,...
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Life is a DNA driven programme and death results from its technical failure. Protein and DNA were evolved naturally from the gas present in the environment of the primitive world. It was the effect of high voltage thunderbolts and asteroid hits on the surface of the earth. Millions of years ago passage of the high voltage energy across the environmental...
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Introduction Down syndrome, a genetic condition resulting from an extra chromosome 21, has long been the subject of medical, ethical, and social debates. The advent of prenatal screening technologies has intensified discussions around the eugenics movement and coercive practices in reproductive health. Eugenics, historically associated with improving genetic quality, has evolved to include subtle coercive measures influencing parental decisions regarding...
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Abstract An important method used in biology is plasmid purification. What makes this method so important is because a purified plasmid sample is essential for many experiments, including important techniques like DNA sequencing. Purified E.coli plasmid pBR322 using gel electrophoresis and a calibration curve were used in this experiment to quantify the size of the purified plasmid. Examples were examined...
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The origin of DNA fingerprinting was discovered in 1984 by Dr Alec Jeffreys (Jackson and Jackson, 2011, p. 158). Over the decades, with technical developments in genetics, the original DNA fingerprinting procedure has undertaken a variety of modifications and refinements. DNA profiling has become so precise and sensitive that in the United Kingdom it is no longer allowed to be...
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Food insecurity is the lack of access to enough nutritious food, and is an occurrence that hundreds of millions of people face daily (P. Webb, 2006). Genetically modified crops provide great opportunity to improve food quality and to improve yields of crops without increasing the need for fertilisers and pesticides (R. Goodman, 2008). This suggests that genetic modification could help...
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In the late 19th and early 20th century, Britain was seen as one of the strongest empires across the world; and was also spread with an imperialistic attitude which can be seen from the 20 year reign on the Conservatives which was the party of the empire. However, this imperialistic atmosphere within Britain was soon to be stopped by the...
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Germline gene therapy has developed a wide spread of opinions into the regards of its ethics with many very relevant positive and negative opinions being expressed amongst the breakthroughs occurring within its progress. There are lots of varying factors contributing towards these ethics which both overlap and contrast in many ways. The argument on the ethics of this therapy has...
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In the last few decades there has been an increasing interest on how genes affect children’s learning processes and development. Nowadays, researchers are trying to find out what exactly is contributing in education, what are the important outcomes any educational professional should know and how education can be improved. Biological factors are actually being measured in different studies to be...
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A gene is a nucleotide sequence which dictates the synthesis of a particular RNA or protein molecule. Their control over the produced proteins govern both phenotypical and genetic traits, including susceptibility to diseases like Cystic Fibrosis. Driving gene expression is Central Dogma, a two-step process in which DNA is converted to an intermediate RNA (mRNA) through transcription, then from mRNA...
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Gene Therapy consists of modifying the genes within somatic cells to treat or prevent a disease. The reason this is possible is because genes contain our DNA, which is what decides a huge part of a person and what they look like. When a gene is damaged or missing, it can lead to health issues making gene therapy an option...
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ABSTRACT Inter specific hybridization was made between susceptible greengram variety CO 5 and wild Vigna sp. Crossed seeds were raised in field condition for testing the MYMV incidence. F1 showed dominant resistance reaction against MYMV disease incidence. The field growing F2 populations of C0 5 x wild Vigna sp cross produced a wide range of segregant viz., susceptible, parental and...
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A newlywed couple steps into their local geneticist’s office excitedly. Today is the day they have been looking forward to for years. With a loan from the bank, genetic insurance, and financial aid from their parents, the couple has finally collected enough money to design their perfect child. As future parents, they must ensure a perfect life for their first...
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Abstract In this Research Paper, the reader will be able to learn what is the meaning, the purpose, and how DNA databases are used. DNA databases are not just lists of DNA collected by law enforcement from individuals and crime scenes, and they are also created by profit and non-profit organizations. This paper also has my personal opinion as the...
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There are several physiological changes that occur during normal pregnancy, hypercoaggulabilty state is one of them in which some coagulation factors increased in blood in harmony with decreased blood level of others. These changes are needed for normal fetal growth and development with complete return to the normal physiological state after labor and purperium without leaving any harm to the...
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Abstract Some real threats such as global warming, air pollution have made the necessity of thinking about a renewable power resource, among the different methods Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) as a method to produce electricity from the oxidation of organic molecules by biocatalysts, has been proposed. In MFC reactors, electrons generated by biological oxidation reactions are harvested by the anode....
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ABSTRACT The invention of a robust gene-editing tool, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) which is cost efficient and quite simple to use, made the birth of humans genetically modified in in-vitro fertilization ( IVF) center a theoretical possibility. According to the Center for Genetics and Society, a non-profit-making data and public affairs organization, human genetic engineering is the...
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Everything in the universe is made of plenty of different types of atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and so on, but plenty of them do not have life; for example, they can be clothes, machines, papers, and so on. Even though they do not have life, they are very useful for human beings’ life, so we need to be...
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In Australia Gene editing technology is fast on the rise and has large potential for change in the future and therefore must be legislated and monitored with great care for the benefit of Australia and its inhabitants. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) allows scientists to essentially copy and paste DNA in humans, animals,bacteria and plants. The benefits of...
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Abstract Through the lens of this experiment, it shows that the gene Rfp encoding, a mutant of the red fluorescent protein - a product of the coral Discosoma striata, AmilCp encoding for the blue chromoprotein from Acropora millespora were duplicated into a pTTQ18 plasmid vector. Accompanied with the amplified PCR of the DNA fragments encoding carrying the Rfp and AmilCp...
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