The clinical symptomatology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is considered to be the result of an extensive destruction or disorganization of the cerebral cortex, as the patient’s cognitive functions become impaired. Late onset Alzheimer’s disease affects 5-10% of people over the age of 65 years old and while the case for this disease has not yet been fully understood, it is...
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WHAT IS GENETIC MODIFICATION A transgenic species (TGS) is defined as an organism that has had part of another species genome transferred into its own gene through the techniques of genetic engineering. This is often called “Genetic Engineering”. It allows selected individual genes to be carried from one organism into another and their traits to be passed on. Further, transgenic...
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Agricultural practices of harvesting crops (fruit and vegetables) must consider the environmental impacts, profitability for produces and unknown effects of the genetic modification of foods upon consumption. The biggest issue surrounding GM foods is consumer uncertainty and varying attitudes, and controversy surrounding the labelling of whether or not certain foods have been genetically modified. This investigation aims to evaluate and...
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Introduction The Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, is a serious pest that has cost Australian farmers hundreds of millions of dollars due to its destructive nature of Australian horticulture and fruit production. They are widely distributed across the eastern and northern territory of Australia and are known to be Australia’s most difficult and costly biosecurity challenge (Taylor, 2016). Learning more...
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Genes are the building blocks of DNA, which makes us who we are. Gene Editing is the process of breaking the double strand of DNA and then deleting the gene disruption. It then replaces the disruption with a new and healthy strand of DNA. Gene editing affects life on earth. Our genome affects us and our behaviour towards others. Gene...
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Background Introduction Do you believe that scientists will change genes in the future? The late physicist Stephen Hawking predicted that the wealthy would use gene-editing to improve the DNA of their offspring, potentially leading to the creation of superhuman species that would rapidly self-renew and self-evolve, from pure humans to genetically modified humans (Stephen Hawking. (2018). Brief Answers to the...
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A eukaryotic cell is a cell that incorporates DNA which is surrounded by a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells have a few things in common that cells have. The endosymbiotic idea clarifies how eukaryotic cells have evolved from prokaryotic cells that lived collectively. Prokaryotic cells do not have any nucleus and are not membrane bound organelles in which as...
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DNA database plays an important role in the world, specifically the criminal and forensic world. DNA database, in this case forensic DNA database. The term DNA database refers to a collection of DNA samples and any other evidence stored as DNA profiles. DNA database could be extremely useful during criminal investigations. For example comparing a DNA sample, specifically taken from...
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Introduction A molecular marker is a DNA polymorphism within a single nucleotide sequence that can distinct from other individuals within the identical population. In these makers, a visible marker causes a change in phenotype. However, these markers do not create an observable difference in phenotype, but both markers have similar characteristics. Moreover, both visible and noticeable markers can be utilized...
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Introduction DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic acid, contains vital coding that makes up the entirety of an organism (Lesk, 2005). These long, double helix structures contain four nucleotides which sequentially create nucleic acids, then consequently combine in different ways to form specific proteins that perform various tasks for the organism during its lifetime (Sanderson, 2007). Once the animal reproduces, this genetic coding...
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Science fiction texts use many different ideas and messages to explore possible futures. These ideas and messages warn the audience about a possible future and make a comment on the present. Gattaca, a movie made in 1997 by director, Andrew Niccol, and Movement, a short story by Nancy Fulda, both use ideas and messages to comment on the present and...
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Human Gene Modification may have its positives, but it is dangerous to our society and may damage what makes us human. What is it that makes us human and differentiates us from all other species? Humans have superlative brain development and thus we experience a range of emotions and behaviours unlike any other living things. We feel passion, love, hatred...
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Abstract DNA analysis is very important in forensics as it is a method to discover a victim or perpetuator of a crime. The study done was to extract DNA using a buccal swab and analyse it using a capillary gel electrophoresis which was then compared to determine the perpetuator of a crime. The DNA was extracted, quantity of DNA determined...
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Gene Therapy Imagine if people living with life threatening diseases had the chance to have a second chance at life, with gene therapy that could be possible. Gene therapy is an experimental form of treatment that works by replacing a disease causing gene with a new working gene, or by introducing a new gene to cure a condition or make...
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Rationale and background The growth and advancements of GM technology are rapidly evolving. The original claim stated that ‘genetic technology will benefit society in the future?’ This then led to form the more specific question, ‘will genetic modification technology affect human evolution positively or negatively in the future?’ The question was refined to make the focus point about one certain...
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Introduction Deoxyribonucleic acid, often abbreviated to DNA, is found in the nucleus of the cells of almost all living organisms on earth. DNA contains the genetic instructions for making proteins and how an organism will develop, live and reproduce, and is often referred to the building block of life for organisms (reference). DNA is arranged in a spiralling double helix...
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Rationale Regarding the claim made that ‘Sex linked genetic diseases affect more males than females’, many queries and investigations were raised. These then led to questions such as ‘What is a sex-linked genetic disease?’ and ‘What are inheritance patterns?’. The claim did not specify what kind of diseases were studied and what quantitative number of males were affected and that...
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Gene therapy is a technique used by doctors to prevent and treat illnesses and diseases by inserting a gene into a patients cell, (Mayo Clinic, 2019). It is a more advanced form of biotechnology, which involves modifying and developing genetically living organisms to improve the overall quality of life for humans, (Khan Academy, 2019). Modern biotechnology advances technologies and products...
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Abstract It has been recognized that women in prison have numerous gender and social issues that need to be considered. These considerations include less access to health services, histories of physical abuse, mental health needs, homelessness, drug and alcohol abuse, poverty, and lower access to education. Women require different health and social attention than men when incarcerated. This paper looks...
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Scientists are constantly striving to make what was once thought of as impossible, possible. But, often in this race to break barriers, what holds back the scientific community is the ethical implications of their actions. With new gene-editing technology, such as CRISPR-Cas9 and TALENs, becoming well-known and easily accessible, genetic alterations are no longer an impossibility. The introduction of these...
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Introduction The world’s population is expected to rise to 9.8 billion by the end of 2050 (United Nations , 2013). Due to the amount of high developing population rise, there will need to be affordable, sustainable safe food due to this will require a lot of food whilst, the resource limits and environmental degradation is becoming further evident as the...
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Viruses have continuously challenged our perception of what ‘living’ means. The scientific community have constantly debated whether viruses are classified as living or non-living organisms. Viruses are very important complexes of biochemical that influence all types of living organisms including bacteria, yeast, plants and animal cells. Viruses are blobs of RNA or DNA surrounded by a coat of protein. They...
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Prokaryotic organisms are known as the single-celled organisms that lack a cell nucleus, and their DNA floats freely in the cell cytoplasm. For a protein to be synthesized, both processes of transcription and translation almost occur simultaneously. When the resulting protein is no longer needed, the transcription process stops. As a result, the primary method to control what type of...
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Introduction “There are three signs of old age: loss of memory… I forgot the other two.” – Richard Bernard 'Red' Skelton (July 18, 1913 – September 17, 1997) an American comedy entertainer. One often joke about getting older, and all the other elements that go with old age especially forgetting, but for some this may be a joke or one...
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Introduction Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) serves as the blueprint for all living organisms, dictating cellular function and heredity. However, DNA is not a static entity; it is subject to damage from various endogenous and exogenous sources. When DNA damage occurs, the integrity of the genetic code is threatened, necessitating complex repair mechanisms to maintain genomic stability. DNA repair defects arise when...
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INTRODUCTION ARBITRARY PRIMED PCR The Arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) is a type of PCR which is also known as Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). It is based on DNA fingerprinting technique in which primers are used whose nucleotide sequence is arbitrarily chosen. After the invention of PCR it was realized that short primer would bind on several locations...
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Introduction The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) having a place with the family Arecaceae [1], a diploid oil-delivering crop with a genomic size of 1.8 Gb [2], is one of the most important oil-bearing crops in the world. It is a large feather palm having a solitary columnar stem, short internodes, and short spines on both the leaf bases and...
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Eugenics has had many different faces throughout history and it is still prevalent in the world today. Laura Hix of Northwestern University does a good job of introducing eugenics. She starts by explaining eugenics means “good genes”. It is derived from the Greek word “eu” meaning good and “genos” meaning offspring. Before eugenics was applied to humans, it worked to...
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