Odysseus is renowned for his intellectual brilliance, guile, and versatility. He is the son of Laertes and Anticlea, the spouse of Penelope, and the father to Telemachus. Odysseus is best known as the Odyssey's eponymous hero. This epic depicts his ten-year journey home after the Trojan War to reclaim his rightful throne as king of Ithaca. Intelligence is a vital...

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In Greek Mythology, people describe Odysseus as a godlike person. He struggles with adversity during his sailing, showing his bravery, intelligence, and perseverance. However, the basis of Odysseus is still a man. Therefore he has normal human characteristics. In the battle with the Cyclops Polyphemus, both his godlike and human-like characteristics are shown. The wisdom of Odysseus is in his...

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Perseus and his heroic deeds A long, long time ago there were two brothers Acrisius and Proetus. When their father died, the brothers fought for the throne before Acrisius defeated Proetus and assumed his father's position. Acrisius was happy. Although he had no son or heir, Acrisius and his wife were blessed with a beautiful daughter Danaë. With no heir...

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From communicating on clay tablets to typing on computers or other technological devices, our history has come a long way. To this day, fortunately enough we still have one of the oldest pieces of literature in history. Throughout time and civilization, people have found a way to continue telling stories in order to communicate the roles and purpose of society...

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Martyrdom is described as an act by a person or group, who willingly suffers death for their beliefs or principles. In today’s society, death is an uncomfortable subject, where the acts of martyrdom would be seen as particularly shocking and unusual. This notion contrasts the idea of historical sources, with self-sacrifice often would be applauded for their bravery, such as...

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Tablet IX begins with Gilgamesh lamenting over the Enkidu’s death, wandering wild alone, and pondering “I shall die, and shall I not then be as Enkidu” (70). Gilgamesh was completely desolated by the sorrow and frightened by their friend’s death. He had a fear that he would die the same as Enkidu died from the sickness. His reaction after Enkidu...

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Masculinity has numerous meanings among many. The most common meaning of masculinity having qualities or appearance traditionally associated with men, especially strength and aggressiveness. To be masculine means to be have strength, courage, independence, leadership, and assertiveness. Sometimes violence gets tied in with masculinity because some men believe that is their way to be masculine. Most of these qualities are...

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Oedipus The King is a work heavily focused on Justice. Oedipus, as a king, discovers that the only way he can save his beloved city and its people is to seek and punish the murder of his predecessor. He is determined to establish justice and peace in his city. He starts to uncover the murder mystery but he faces harsh...

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Why do Greek figures suffer punishment from the gods? Gods had a very benevolent attitude to life. They were not constrained by family relationships, which is why brothers could marry their sisters and could kill their fathers with children or a son. Many moral rules deities can commit would not apply to us, one could say the gods are amoral....

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To Be Human is to Be Flawed Are humans inherently flawed? Is there something fundamentally imperfect with human nature? These questions have been asked by philosophers from as early as 2000 BCE when the first book was ever written, Gilgamesh, was transcribed. Gilgamesh is an epic poem written by the Sumerians and eventually translated into other languages in the 1900s....

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One of the earliest pieces of literature which have lived on into the modern era is the Epic of Gilgamesh from ancient Mesopotamia. It was written as a poem on 12 tablets in the Akkadian language in 2750 B.C.E. after years of being conveyed through storytelling by the Sumerian people. Storytelling was used by Sumerians in the early times to...

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Universal Truths What does universal truth mean? By definition, it is defined as a statement that corresponds to reality regardless of time and space. The phrase “One man’s junk is another man’s treasure” is one example of a universal truth. Many times, this statement is used to refer to the relationship between lovers, but in actuality, it can apply to...

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The Iliad by Homer showcases the god's obsession with controlling humans for their own personal gain. The Iliad centers around the Trojan War which legend has it that was started because Paris, a prince of Troy, had to choose who was the most beautiful out of three goddesses, Hera, Aphrodite, and Athena. Paris was given gifts to sway his decision...

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Introduction The Epic of Gilgamesh, an ancient Mesopotamian narrative, is one of the earliest works of literary fiction. It follows the journey of Gilgamesh, a historical king of Uruk, who is hailed as a mighty ruler and a demigod. However, the evaluation of his kingship remains contentious. Was Gilgamesh a good king? This question invites a multifaceted examination of his...

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The “The Tale of Sohrab” and “Oedipus Tyrannus” are two distinct stories that showcase the timelessness of the Shahmaneh. The two stories are not only entertaining but also reflect on various themes that are relevant to the social structure of society and can also apply to the individual lives of people. Upon reading the tales, one can see the undeniable...

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Introduction The dichotomy of sight and blindness in Sophocles' tragedy "Oedipus the King" serves as a profound metaphor for knowledge and ignorance. This theme is intricately woven into the narrative, where physical sight and insight are juxtaposed to explore the limitations of human understanding. The protagonist, Oedipus, is characterized by his literal ability to see but his metaphorical blindness to...

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'To be, or not to be?' To die, or to suffer eternally? That is the question the two protagonists are faced with, all in order to build resilience. Both protagonists possess the ability to rebel against and challenge their fate to prove their credo, but only one turns into a resilient hero. By comparing the lives of both Oedipus and...

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Inside the debate on cinema and literature, particularly on cinematographic adaptations of literary works, the name Pier Paolo Pasolini inevitably has great relevance. Eclectic artist, critic, poet, and distinguished expert of classical languages he was, in fact, among the very few post-war artists capable of producing both arts (cinema and literature) obtaining results of great international impact. In regard to...

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Fate is often a heavily debated topic as some believe that humans can deviate from one’s predetermined fate and make it their own. However, others, especially those who have strong religious beliefs, may argue that fate is set in stone by a higher power beginning from one’s birth to their death. The ancient Greeks were highly dependent on the ideology...

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Everyone loves a happy ending, and it can be argued that the average reader or viewer of work expects everything to work out fine by the end of a story. When an author of a work of literature chooses to leave the reader with an unhappy ending, it leaves an immense impact on the unexpecting reader. For instance, after a...

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Throughout history, there have been many men and women who have been influential in keeping records so that their customs and traditions may be passed on and made known to modern people and cultures. Some ancient historians were able to observe other civilizations and how they differed from their own. Herodotus studying the Persians, Tacitus studying the Germanics, and Sima...

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The Invisible Enemy Some people believe their destiny is predetermined, created long before they were born. They believe prophecies are messages from above that an individual chooses to follow or not. Destiny is a term for the development of a course of events beyond a person’s control. Prophecies act as guidance for them to mostly make an attempt to change...

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How do you think Gilgamesh is a changed man or king by the end of the epic? What experiences does he have and what life lessons does he learn that bring about this change? Gilgamesh experiences and learns a lot throughout the epic. However, I believe the most valuable experience and life lesson he has is due to his arrogance...

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Introduction The Epic of Gilgamesh, a seminal piece of ancient Mesopotamian literature, presents a complex portrayal of the gods, reflecting the intricate relationship between deities and humans. This epic, believed to have been composed during the third millennium BCE, not only serves as a narrative of heroism and friendship but also provides insight into the religious and cultural ethos of...

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Being considered the cradle of civilization, Mesopotamia has always been an interest for many historians due to it being the focal point for many historical figures and advancements. Written language, in the form of ancient cuneiform, was first developed in Mesopotamia and was used by scribes to write on tablets for various things such as transactions and even stories that...

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Firstly, Hera not only reigns as Queen in Olympus but also in the Greek pantheon as a whole. On the surface, Hera is merely chosen to thoroughly dislike the Trojans simply because she is deemed less fanciable in the infamous account of Paris’ Judgment. She may be the Queen of the divine, yet mythologically she is rather complex and paradoxical...

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There is a spiritual awakening in each of these stories waiting to be heard. Personally, assuming there's an underlying message in each of these tales that fate has the ultimate say in human existence and that we cannot really do much about it. Once we know that our time is coming, we generally look at things in different ways, including...

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Although it is widely alleged that destiny is by choice, there are a vast number of people who believed that it is by fate. Those who believed it is by choice follow the directions and guidance of their elders. For example, they will try to hold on to the values that their parents instilled in them and use them to...

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The Epic of Gilgamesh is recited through the literacy mechanisms of poems that survived from Sumerian Literature, as further enlightening how ancient times contended and how ancient people lived reflected on moments that revolved around key components: death, life, and what is life beyond death, relying on how someone conjured these stages of life, whiles evolving as an individual in...

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Apollo is considered one of the most important and complex gods in both Roman and Greek mythology as he is usually associated with healing properties but is also blamed for sickness. He is the son of Jupiter and Latona and has a twin sister called Diana. In the first few minutes that Diana was born, she was made to assist...

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