Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition characterized by loss of kidney function over time. The kidneys play a vital role as an excretory organ and are crucial in managing the homeostasis of endocrine, fluid, electrolyte, mineral and acid-base balancei. The deterioration of the kidney’s ability to function makes nutritional derangement inevitable in patients with CKD. Because of this impact,...
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HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency virus, when this virus is at its most progressive stage it is known as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV belongs to the Retroviridae family. The genome of this virus is constituted of a single strand of RNA encapsulated in an HIV Capsid protein that forms the core shell of the virus. Moreover, the virus...
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'Brain training' is a program of consistent mental exercises purported to improve cognitive abilities and protect from neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia. It is of particular interest to cognitive psychologists researching the potential benefits it has for cognitive development across age groups. If found effective, this would open new research into understanding the limits of the human mind and possibly...
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Introduction The point of this case study is to research and explore ischemic cerebral vascular accidents and their treatment in the pre-hospital environment. It will include the epidemiology and incidence of strokes, the clinical presentation as well as the aetiology and pathophysiology. This case study will then determine how to appropriately manage these patients in the pre-hospital setting. Stroke is...
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Introduction The blood clotting process, a crucial physiological mechanism, ensures the cessation of bleeding following vascular injury. This intricate cascade of events, known as hemostasis, is vital for maintaining vascular integrity and preventing hemorrhage. The process is highly regulated, involving a sequence of cellular and molecular interactions that culminate in the formation of a stable clot. Hemostasis can be divided...
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Introduction Kidney stones, often a source of intense discomfort and pain, represent a significant health challenge for millions of individuals worldwide. These hard deposits, formed from minerals and salts within the kidneys, can lead to severe health complications if not addressed promptly. Traditional medical treatments, including medications and surgical interventions, are commonly used to address kidney stones. However, there is...
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Introduction Skin aging is becoming a serious issue in this current society of strict beauty standards . It is stated that by 2010, the anti aging market was expected to account for $16.5 billion in sales(Choi and Berson, 2006). Sun-exposed areas of the skin, such as the face, neck, chest and hands are the places most prone to skin aging....
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The memory is a complicated subject, and the constantly changing memory causes many different effects that can harm or hurt someone. The research regarding storing and retrieving memories of the brain’s information is valid because studies show that when remembering events from the past, the brain will take things relevant to the past memory to help you recall it. Also,...
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Introduction The modern lifestyle often necessitates a complex balance of activities, each influencing human physiology and psychology. Yoga, coffee, and sleep are three seemingly disparate practices that significantly impact daily life. Yoga is renowned for its holistic approach to improving mental and physical well-being, while coffee is ubiquitously consumed for its stimulating effects. Sleep, on the other hand, is a...
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Summary Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide with myocardial infarction being the frontrunner for morbidity and mortality. Although medical and surgical treatments currently can significantly improve patient outcomes there exists no treatment that can generate new cardiac tissue or reverse the damage caused by cardiovascular disease. With new research being available that challenges the idea that myocytes...
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Introduction Viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, have evolved a myriad of strategies to circumvent host immune defenses. Immune escape is a critical aspect of viral survival and proliferation, enabling viruses to persist within a host and spread between individuals. This phenomenon poses significant challenges to public health, as it complicates vaccine development and antiviral drug efficacy. The ability of viruses...
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Introduction This report will be discussing eczema in children, specifically causes and treatment of eczema. According to James McIntosh (2017) eczema is defined as a condition where the skin becomes inflamed, flaky and red causing the child to be itchy and can sometimes result in bleeding. The main aim of this report is to determine whether eczema can affect a...
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A warmup is essential as it prepares a dancer’s body for physical activity. As well as preparing muscles and joints for dance, there are also other benefits which help to ensure the safe practice of dance. An effective warmup will prepare the body and mind for the coordination and strength needed for complex, technical movements. Also, by doing a warmup...
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Before the 1990s, FVIII was obtained from whole blood donations (Figure 1), then transfused into haemophilia patients. Blood transfusions began in 1818 when James Blundell, an English physician, performed a human-to-human blood transfusion. Although the patient subsequently died, Blundell was committed to achieving a successful blood transfusion. Throughout the early 1800s, he experimented with a series of patients, of which,...
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Introduction Organs and structures in the respiratory system are very important for life because they make it possible for gases that are needed for cellular processes to move between cells. Carbon dioxide, a waste result of metabolism, is pushed out of the body by this complex system. Oxygen from the air we breathe is efficiently absorbed into the bloodstream. The...
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Lower respiratory infections include pneumonia (infection of the lung alveoli), as well as infections affecting the airways such as acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis, influenza and whooping cough. They are a leading cause of illness and death in children and adults across the world (European Lung Foundation). History of disease Lower respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and...
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The respiratory system is divided into two tracts. The upper respiratory tract consists of the paranasal sinuses, the nasal cavity, the pharynx, and the epiglottis. The paranasal sinuses are lined with mucous membranes that warm, humidify, and filter the air. The epiglottis seals off the airway during swallowing. The lower respiratory tract consists of the larynx, the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,...
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Living in this ever-evolving world of ours was never an easy task for any of us. Things gradually change over time and even consistency of routines and activities we perform every day doesn’t give us assurance that things will do stay as they are. Thinking we do not hold or even have a grasp of what is about to happen,...
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Abstract Hypertension is a serious health problemoriginates from a combination of genetic, environmental, and social factors.Environmental factors are overweight/obesity, bad diet, high dietary sodium, stress, lack of physical activity, smokingand alcohol consumption. Higher degree of BP control can be achieved by providing a care source, maximum adherence, and minimizing therapeutic lethargy. The targeted technique to be followed includes many interventions...
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Introduction Longevity is determined by an effective cross-talk between deleterious processes that act on an organism over its lifetime and the physiological responses that promote effective homeostasis (Ponnappan and Ponnappan, 2011). Age‐related changes of the immune system play a role in the increased susceptibility of elderly individuals to infectious diseases, vaccination failures, including the potential onset and/or progression of autoimmunity...
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Homeostasis is essential for the human body to regulate and function properly. By achieving appropriate homeostasis levels, the kidneys can differentiate which fluids and how much of each fluid humans should consume. Hormones like Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and Aldosterone each affect osmolarity homeostasis by regulating the kidneys. In order to examine the role of the kidneys...
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Introduction The nervous system serves as the cornerstone of human physiology, orchestrating a myriad of complex interactions that regulate bodily functions and enable interaction with the external environment. Comprising the central and peripheral nervous systems, it integrates sensory input with motor output, facilitating everything from reflex arcs to intricate cognitive processes. This essay seeks to delve into the fundamental components...
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While our sleeping habits have fallen behind in priority as a result of our fast-paced lifestyles, humanity must learn to hold adequate sleep to utmost importance in order to maintain peak physical and mental well-being, and to avoid the disastrous effects of deprivation. As the complexity of the sleep process is often overlooked, appreciating sleep means understanding the intricate biological...
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INTODUCTION TO PAIN The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines pain as a highly unpleasant physical and emotional experience related to actual or potential tissue injury (Kumar and Elavasari, 2016). Pain is very subjective and specific to every individual person. Nurses are invited by McCaffery and Beebe (1989) to recognise that ‘pain is what the patient says...
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Pain can be defined as an unpleasant sensation and emotional experience that is generally linked to damaged tissue (IASP, 1994). This feeling of pain occurs when a signal originating at a receptor travels through nerve fibres to the brain for interpretation. The nervous system may also elicit a physical reaction to attempt to prevent further tissue damage. The most common...
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Homeostasis is the self-regulatory system within human body and it also exists in animals’ body as well. It aims on maintaining the internal condition within one’s body, according to Betts et al (2017). Homeostasis is particularly significant in one’s body, as the failure of the homeostasis in one’s body might cause different kinds of disease, for example diabetes in human....
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Introduction Sleep is an essential component of human health and well-being, yet its complex nature is often misunderstood. Despite being a universal experience, sleep encompasses a variety of stages and types that have profound implications for psychological health. The intricacies of sleep can be categorized into several stages, each with distinct physiological and psychological characteristics. Moreover, understanding these stages is...
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This essay will aim to examine disability as a social problem within society. Disability, defined by the Equality Act 2010, is when a person has a physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and long term negative effect on your ability to do normal daily activities (Gov UK, 2010). This essay will also discuss the changing ways in which...
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The management of hypertension in patients can improve their overall health and reduce the risk of other comorbidities that can arise from being untreated, especially those newly diagnosed. Orem's theory poses the concept of self-care and the abilities that patients have to improve their self-care. An individual’s ability to perform self-care is defined as the practice of activities that individuals...
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