Did you know that “...at least 2.8 million people each year [die] as a result of being overweight or obese”? World Health Organization. (2017, obesity). Obesity is a big issue that is affecting people of all ages around the world. There are many causes of obesity such as overeating, genetics, hormones, the environment, and lack of physical activity. A lot...
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Junk food is used to describe food items and drinks that are low in important nutrients (protein, fibre, vitamins) and contain high amounts of calories from saturated fat, added sugars and added salts. While the definition of junk food can vary from person to person, everyone can agree that it is not the healthiest category of food. A diet consisting...
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According to the World Health Organization (2018), overweight and obese individuals are those with “excessive fat accumulation that may impair health,' and this occurs as a result of a positive energy balance i.e. energy intake is greater than energy expenditure. An individual is classed as overweight if they have a BMI (body mass index) of 25-29.9 kg/m2, and obese if...
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Did you know that 1 in 10 children in Singapore and 41 MILLION children worldwide are overweight? What’s worse is that 7 in 10 of these children grow up to be obese as adults as well! Did these figures alarm you?! I hope they did! Fret not however, as I am here to provide you with a solution that is......
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Introduction Obesity is defined as excess fat on the human body. Obesity is measured using Body Mass Index (BMI) which is calculated by dividing weight (kg) by height squared (m^2). It is classified as between the rage of 25 and 30kg/m^2 on the BMI scale. Dyslipidemia, diabetes, hyperglycemia and cardiovascular diseases are all associated with high body fat levels. Globally,...
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Executive Summary The HIV incidence in Bhutan has seen increasing over last decade ever since the first detection of HIV case in the year 1993. Since then, HIV was given the due attention with the establishment of the National STI and HIV/AIDS Control Programme in 1988, even before the first case of HIV was detected. This rise has been attributable...
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The definition of double burden of malnutrition is coexistence of undernutrition along with overweight and obesity, or diet-related non-communicable diseases across the life course. There are multiple forms of malnutrition including: stunting, wasting, micronutrient deficiencies (vitamins and minerals), overweight or obesity, and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Double burden of malnutrition is more evident in lower and especially middle income countries who...
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Introduction Every country is susceptible to potential outbreaks of large scale diseases. These infectious diseases cause a multiplicity of problems, specifically extreme numbers of death with those afflicted. Diseases like SARS, HIV/AIDS, and Ebola have claimed the lives of many, but what if we could predict the spread of new infectious diseases? That is the purpose of this paper. Mathematics...
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Climate is the pattern of atmospheric conditions over a long period of time. Also can be described as the atmospheric conditions that prevail in a given region over a period of time. This includes not only the average weather but also values of climatic conditions that prevail at extreme ranges, their variability, and the frequency of various occurrences. These climatic...
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Diverse processes of undervaluing, tagging, with stereotyping bring loss of status, unfair and unjust treatment, and social exclusion of persons or groups are contextually entrenched at every level. These manifest in different forms of stigma – stigma from racism; HIV-related stigma; sexism and gender related stigma; homophobia and transphobia related stigma as pathways of oppression (Logie et al, 2011). These...
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There are high rates of chronic infections among many cultures around the world. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus, otherwise known as HIV, is one of the leading infections that can be transmitted in numerous ways affecting children, heterosexual’s, and homosexual’s, via blood transfusions, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, breast milk, accidents in a healthcare setting, blood from used injection needles, etc.,...
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On a global scale, the public health sector is built on prioritizing diseases that majorly contribute to the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. In the spectrum of accountable diseases, infectious diseases caused by Aedes Aegypti, which is the principal vector among the species family, has the widest ever recorded distribution and is notably responsible for Yellow Fever, Dengue, Chikungunya...
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Introduction There is an obesity epidemic in the Western world. In this write up we will be discussing obesity, its causes and the role biochemistry can play to help provide solutions to this issue. Obesity is a condition in which the body weight increases above the limits of a physical requirement due to excessive accumulation of fat and increased adipose...
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Climate change, obesity, and undernutrition are massive global challenges. As the climate continues to change and damage the environment, it also has a direct impact on obesity and undernutrition. In January 2019, The Lancet issued a report on “The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change” stating that these three problems represent a “synergistic epidemic” or syndemic and for...
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Introduction Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a global disaster for people all over the world. According to a report by UNAIDS, as of 2018, the Eastern and Southern Africa region remains the most affected by the HIV epidemic, accounting for 45% of the world’s HIV infections, and makes up 53% of people living with HIV globally. (UNAIDS, 2018) In Kenya,...
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Malnutrition is a significant public health issue facing the world today. It is seen in every country. Worldwide, nearly 2 billion people are overweight and nearly half a million are underweight (WHO, 2016). Generally defined as “deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in energy intake or nutrients” (WHO, 2016). If malnutrition occurs during pregnancy or pre-two years of age – negative physical...
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“A Rose for Emily” by William Faulkner is an amazing short fiction. This short story tells the story of a woman who fails to live up her high reputation and fitting in a community where almost everyone knows each other business. “A Rose for Emily,” tells the story about a lonely old woman name, Miss Emily Grierson, living a life...
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Recently in our world, the childhood obesity rate has sky rocketed and is becoming a problem. Nationally, obesity rates of children under the age of fifteen and under is averaged to 20.6% which may not be a high number but in reality, it is. In 1980, obesity rates were at a low of 5% and since then has quadrupled. The...
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In 2017, I was privileged to study, for a short period, in Kyungpook National University. Three other students and I, were given a task of reviewing latest studies, which showed the relationship between malnutrition and gut microbiome, and to think of an appropriate solution to malnutrition based on gut microbiota. This is what I will briefly share with you. Under-nutrition...
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Introduction Reports indicate that 30.3 million people are diabetic worldwide as of 2017 and it is estimated that 23.1 million are in early stages of diagnosis. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) report, about 28.8% of the world population suffer hidden diabetes (1). The prevalence of diabetes is estimated as 6% in the Iranian population, and it...
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Introduction Numerous of studies prove that obesity becomes a worldwide epidemic. Popkin and Doak (1998) state that, in the last quarter of the 20th century, obesity emerged as a worldwide phenomenon in the developed and non-developed countries. It has been observed a huge increase in obesity proportion in many populations around the world regardless the differences in income, poverty, and...
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Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the most common reasons for death worldwide according to world health organization statistic the deaths related to (NCDs) is equal to or more than the total number of deaths that related to other reasons, and NCD responsible for forty-one million deaths out of fifty-seven million deaths occurred worldwide, that means NCD accounts for almost 23 of...
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When you take a trip to China, you mainly take a trip to the bigger cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, or Guangzhou, very popular tourist areas. However, rarely any outsiders visit the countryside, an area so scenic, yet suffering. In the countryside, hundreds of people are starving or eat imbalanced diets. The reasons include less money, overpopulation, and sometimes bad...
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Introduction Many communicable diseases have been evolving around the world resulting in millions of deaths and no cure. Communicable diseases are infectious diseases that can spread easily through direct contact such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is an infection that causes AIDS and can weaken the immune system. It has become a global and public health concern causing approximately...
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Abstract This paper examines the relationship between climate change and malnutrition in Africa, specifically through the scope of rice production. Although Africa depends heavily on rice for sustenance to feed its growing population, this paper explores alternative options to rice due to rice’s nutrient depletion over time. The paper first delves into the history of rice in Africa and compares...
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It’s all too common to see someone and make a snap judgement about them. We are all guilty of forming preconceived notions about others, whether they’re regarding race, gender, clothing, or any other superficial feature. Disappointingly enough, one’s weight falls under the umbrella of prejudice. The stigma surrounding obesity is in part due to the stereotype that obese people are...
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About thirty-three years ago obesity was recognized as the most nutritional disease in all prosperous countries. Studies have shown that approximately two out of three Americans are either overweight or obese. Obesity has become an epidemic and the Federal Government states parents, schools, advertisers and genetics have produced this epidemic. Obesity is known to be cause by excessive amount of...
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Introduction Infectious diseases have plagued humanity for centuries, evolving in tandem with human societies. The advent of modern medicine has equipped us with a plethora of defenses against these diseases, primarily categorized into biological and drug-based interventions. Biological defenses include vaccines and immunotherapies, which harness the body's immune system to combat pathogens. Drug defenses encompass antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals that...
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Obesity is currently a problem that causes serious health problems, especially in adolescents because it is a nutritional disorder presented by some factors such as psychological syndromes, anxiety, depression and the quality of life that each person has. In England, many young people are obese, especially adolescents who seriously compromise their health with diseases such as two different types of...
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Introduction Malnutrition remains a pervasive challenge in India, affecting millions of individuals across various demographics. It encompasses both undernutrition and overnutrition, leading to complex health outcomes. India is home to a significant portion of the world’s malnourished population, with children and women being disproportionately affected. The country’s diverse socio-economic and cultural landscape contributes to the multifaceted nature of malnutrition. Despite...
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