The definition of double burden of malnutrition is coexistence of undernutrition along with overweight and obesity, or diet-related non-communicable diseases across the life course. There are multiple forms of malnutrition including: stunting, wasting, micronutrient deficiencies (vitamins and minerals), overweight or obesity, and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Double burden of malnutrition is more evident in lower and especially middle income countries who...
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Introduction Every country is susceptible to potential outbreaks of large scale diseases. These infectious diseases cause a multiplicity of problems, specifically extreme numbers of death with those afflicted. Diseases like SARS, HIV/AIDS, and Ebola have claimed the lives of many, but what if we could predict the spread of new infectious diseases? That is the purpose of this paper. Mathematics...
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Climate is the pattern of atmospheric conditions over a long period of time. Also can be described as the atmospheric conditions that prevail in a given region over a period of time. This includes not only the average weather but also values of climatic conditions that prevail at extreme ranges, their variability, and the frequency of various occurrences. These climatic...
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Diverse processes of undervaluing, tagging, with stereotyping bring loss of status, unfair and unjust treatment, and social exclusion of persons or groups are contextually entrenched at every level. These manifest in different forms of stigma – stigma from racism; HIV-related stigma; sexism and gender related stigma; homophobia and transphobia related stigma as pathways of oppression (Logie et al, 2011). These...
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There are high rates of chronic infections among many cultures around the world. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus, otherwise known as HIV, is one of the leading infections that can be transmitted in numerous ways affecting children, heterosexual’s, and homosexual’s, via blood transfusions, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, breast milk, accidents in a healthcare setting, blood from used injection needles, etc.,...
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On a global scale, the public health sector is built on prioritizing diseases that majorly contribute to the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. In the spectrum of accountable diseases, infectious diseases caused by Aedes Aegypti, which is the principal vector among the species family, has the widest ever recorded distribution and is notably responsible for Yellow Fever, Dengue, Chikungunya...
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Introduction There is an obesity epidemic in the Western world. In this write up we will be discussing obesity, its causes and the role biochemistry can play to help provide solutions to this issue. Obesity is a condition in which the body weight increases above the limits of a physical requirement due to excessive accumulation of fat and increased adipose...
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Climate change, obesity, and undernutrition are massive global challenges. As the climate continues to change and damage the environment, it also has a direct impact on obesity and undernutrition. In January 2019, The Lancet issued a report on “The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change” stating that these three problems represent a “synergistic epidemic” or syndemic and for...
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Introduction Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a global disaster for people all over the world. According to a report by UNAIDS, as of 2018, the Eastern and Southern Africa region remains the most affected by the HIV epidemic, accounting for 45% of the world’s HIV infections, and makes up 53% of people living with HIV globally. (UNAIDS, 2018) In Kenya,...
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Malnutrition is a significant public health issue facing the world today. It is seen in every country. Worldwide, nearly 2 billion people are overweight and nearly half a million are underweight (WHO, 2016). Generally defined as “deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in energy intake or nutrients” (WHO, 2016). If malnutrition occurs during pregnancy or pre-two years of age – negative physical...
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“A Rose for Emily” by William Faulkner is an amazing short fiction. This short story tells the story of a woman who fails to live up her high reputation and fitting in a community where almost everyone knows each other business. “A Rose for Emily,” tells the story about a lonely old woman name, Miss Emily Grierson, living a life...
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Recently in our world, the childhood obesity rate has sky rocketed and is becoming a problem. Nationally, obesity rates of children under the age of fifteen and under is averaged to 20.6% which may not be a high number but in reality, it is. In 1980, obesity rates were at a low of 5% and since then has quadrupled. The...
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In 2017, I was privileged to study, for a short period, in Kyungpook National University. Three other students and I, were given a task of reviewing latest studies, which showed the relationship between malnutrition and gut microbiome, and to think of an appropriate solution to malnutrition based on gut microbiota. This is what I will briefly share with you. Under-nutrition...
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Introduction Reports indicate that 30.3 million people are diabetic worldwide as of 2017 and it is estimated that 23.1 million are in early stages of diagnosis. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) report, about 28.8% of the world population suffer hidden diabetes (1). The prevalence of diabetes is estimated as 6% in the Iranian population, and it...
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Introduction Numerous of studies prove that obesity becomes a worldwide epidemic. Popkin and Doak (1998) state that, in the last quarter of the 20th century, obesity emerged as a worldwide phenomenon in the developed and non-developed countries. It has been observed a huge increase in obesity proportion in many populations around the world regardless the differences in income, poverty, and...
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Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the most common reasons for death worldwide according to world health organization statistic the deaths related to (NCDs) is equal to or more than the total number of deaths that related to other reasons, and NCD responsible for forty-one million deaths out of fifty-seven million deaths occurred worldwide, that means NCD accounts for almost 23 of...
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When you take a trip to China, you mainly take a trip to the bigger cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, or Guangzhou, very popular tourist areas. However, rarely any outsiders visit the countryside, an area so scenic, yet suffering. In the countryside, hundreds of people are starving or eat imbalanced diets. The reasons include less money, overpopulation, and sometimes bad...
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Introduction Many communicable diseases have been evolving around the world resulting in millions of deaths and no cure. Communicable diseases are infectious diseases that can spread easily through direct contact such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is an infection that causes AIDS and can weaken the immune system. It has become a global and public health concern causing approximately...
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Abstract This paper examines the relationship between climate change and malnutrition in Africa, specifically through the scope of rice production. Although Africa depends heavily on rice for sustenance to feed its growing population, this paper explores alternative options to rice due to rice’s nutrient depletion over time. The paper first delves into the history of rice in Africa and compares...
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It’s all too common to see someone and make a snap judgement about them. We are all guilty of forming preconceived notions about others, whether they’re regarding race, gender, clothing, or any other superficial feature. Disappointingly enough, one’s weight falls under the umbrella of prejudice. The stigma surrounding obesity is in part due to the stereotype that obese people are...
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About thirty-three years ago obesity was recognized as the most nutritional disease in all prosperous countries. Studies have shown that approximately two out of three Americans are either overweight or obese. Obesity has become an epidemic and the Federal Government states parents, schools, advertisers and genetics have produced this epidemic. Obesity is known to be cause by excessive amount of...
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Introduction Infectious diseases have plagued humanity for centuries, evolving in tandem with human societies. The advent of modern medicine has equipped us with a plethora of defenses against these diseases, primarily categorized into biological and drug-based interventions. Biological defenses include vaccines and immunotherapies, which harness the body's immune system to combat pathogens. Drug defenses encompass antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals that...
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Obesity is currently a problem that causes serious health problems, especially in adolescents because it is a nutritional disorder presented by some factors such as psychological syndromes, anxiety, depression and the quality of life that each person has. In England, many young people are obese, especially adolescents who seriously compromise their health with diseases such as two different types of...
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Introduction Malnutrition remains a pervasive challenge in India, affecting millions of individuals across various demographics. It encompasses both undernutrition and overnutrition, leading to complex health outcomes. India is home to a significant portion of the world’s malnourished population, with children and women being disproportionately affected. The country’s diverse socio-economic and cultural landscape contributes to the multifaceted nature of malnutrition. Despite...
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Introduction Obesity represents a significant public health challenge worldwide, characterized by an abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. According to the World Health Organization, the global prevalence of obesity has nearly tripled since 1975, with over 650 million adults classified as obese in 2016. As an intricate health condition, obesity is influenced by a myriad of factors...
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Good health is the key to carrying out one’s functions in the society. Hindered with this vital property of life, maximizing one’s potential growth and questing for one’s personal objective would be a difficult endeavor (Importance of Good Health, 2017). May the aspect be on occupational success, socio-emotional space, or personality building, health touches the over-all well-being of a person....
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More than one million people in this country are living with Parkinson’s disease (Parkinson’s Disease Foundation), and by 2030, the number of people living with PD is expected to double (Dorsey ER, Constantinescu R, Thompson JP, et al 2007), its symptoms including bradykinesia, rigidity, tremors, freezing, problems in gait and impaired balance and coordination. Coupled with this are also several...
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Abstract Alzheimer’s is a progressive degenerative disease that ultimately leads to death due to the degeneration and plaque build up within the brain. Memory is an important aspect of daily life and for performing every day activities and when that is hindered it could be detrimental to the individual and how they are able to function throughout their life. Alzheimer’s...
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Human immune-deficiency virus HIV (human immuno-deficiency virus) is a virus which damages a person’s immune system and weakens the ability of a person’s body to be able to fight infections (Haas, 1993). Segregation of HIV positive prisoners was a common practice during the first discovery of the disease, due to added pressure on prison officials to reduce the growing spread...
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A German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer first observed some strange behavioral symptoms, including short-term memory loss in his patient Auguste Deter. Upon her death, he carefully studied her brain and found some anomalies, of what later became known pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common form of dementia that is associated with progressive decline in memory, cognition...
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