Vaccination is the Injection of a killed microbe to stimulate the immune system against the microbe, thereby preventing disease. Vaccinations, or immunizations, work by stimulating the immune system, the natural disease-fighting system of the body. The healthy immune system can recognize invading bacteria and viruses and produce substances (antibodies) to destroy or disable them. Immunizations prepare the immune system to...
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Introduction The Covid-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented challenges across the globe, impacting various facets of life, from healthcare systems to economic stability and social dynamics. The rapid spread of the virus necessitated swift action, revealing vulnerabilities in global preparedness and response mechanisms. This essay examines the multifaceted challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic, highlighting the strains on healthcare systems, the...
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Crush injury is the damage of muscles, blood vessels, and other internal structures resulting from excessive pressure to an area causing local ischemia. Vehicular collisions, industrial incidents, natural disasters, particularly earthquakes or where buildings have collapsed due to bombing are among some of the typical cases in crush injuries. Crush syndrome, also known as traumatic rhabdomyolysis is a systemic manifestation...
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Alliance 8.7 published the Global Estimates of Modern Slavery in 2017 in which it confirmed there to be approximately 40,000,000 people who were believed to be affected by modern slavery in 2016. There is currently thought to be 152 ,000,000 children suffering from exploitation. Modern slavery is the term referred to when discussing exploitation whereby the victim is unable to...
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Generally, parents play an important role in any child's life until they reach adulthood. However, when it comes to the kids diagnosed with Autism, in this scenario, the parents' role becomes more crucial. To support their child to cope with the disorder. Parents have to play different roles like a teacher, therapist, and so on. In the process, parents may...
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Before the pandemic, life was advancing and moving on faster than ever. There was a time and place for everything whether it was attending university lectures or visiting placement. Now that the pandemic has arrived, life changed drastically and it became limiting. Everything outside our homes came to a stand-still and it has completely changed the way society will now...
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Over the last few weeks, we have all been trying to find the positive side to the pandemic; academics and leaders have also joined this trend in an effort to provide us all with inspiration and positivity. For example, Marc Andreessen an entrepreneur, investor, and software engineer advocates for building something — anything — that moves society forward from here....
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As a result of many athletes spending hours engaging in rigorous training programmes and competitions, the prevalence of sporting injuries has increased (Kraus & Conroy, 1984). Regardless of their level of involvement, a vast majority of athletes will experience an injury that will keep them away from their sport for an unwanted period of time, it is an evitable risk...
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Injury prevention and Safe practice are two vital instruments dancers and musical theatre performers should prioritise in their daily lives as they have direct benefits to the longevity of a dancers career, without these two tools their careers could end before they reach their 30’s or even mid 20’s. Injury prevention has two essential categories: internal and external. Internal injury...
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Sickle Cell Anaemia is an autosomal recessive disorder which is passed through generations; meaning it is a hereditary disease. To inherit Sickle Cell Anaemia an individual must receive a mutated gene from both their paternal and maternal side. Those who only receive one mutated gene are said to be carriers of the disease but are not affected. Sickle Cell Anaemia...
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What is sickle-cell anaemia Sickle-cell anaemia is a hereditary, homozygous, genetic blood disorder that occurs within a person who has abnormal haemoglobin on their red blood cells. The Haemoglobin are sensitive to low amounts of oxygen in the body which makes them transform into sickle or crescent shapes. This causes the abnormal haemoglobin to become stiff and sticky blocking blood...
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Abstract Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a globally prevalent, monogenic, life-threatening blood disorder with a complex pathology that remains obscure. A deepened understanding of the malady in the recent years has led to pharmaceutical advancements that target pathophysiology and ultimately ameliorate associated multivariate clinical manifestations. Abnormal cell to cell interactions, endothelial adhesion, induced oxidative stress, intracellular erythrocyte dehydration and concentration...
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“This disease has impacted my life in so many different ways: good and bad.” These are the words from Natasha Thomas, a woman who was diagnosed with sickle cell disease at the age of seven. Sickle cell disease is a blood disorder that affects the red blood cells in the body. A healthy red blood cell is normally round and...
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INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis, is a pathology that caused by bacterial infection that spread by air between people. When it comes to lung, the medical term for this pathology are pulmonary tuberculosis. It may cause chest pain, severe coughing, weight loss and many more. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a worldwide problem which is can affected to all age, either young or old age....
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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder found among older adults at the age of 65 and above (Schwamborn, 2018). Symptoms of AD are memory loss, cognitive declination, disorientation, language deficit, impaired concentration, personal hygiene and self-care declination as well as behaviour and personality changes (Bature, F., Guinn, B. A., Pang, D., & Pappas, Y, 2017). At this...
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Introduction Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by Sars-Cov-2 virus known as corona is the newly discovered respiratory disease where it spread person to person through small droplets from nose or mouth of an infected person and it has been declared as pandemic by World Health Organization. Fever, tiredness, difficulty in breathing, runny nose, nasal congestion, sore throat, diarrhea and dry cough...
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Abstract Hypertension is a serious health problemoriginates from a combination of genetic, environmental, and social factors.Environmental factors are overweight/obesity, bad diet, high dietary sodium, stress, lack of physical activity, smokingand alcohol consumption. Higher degree of BP control can be achieved by providing a care source, maximum adherence, and minimizing therapeutic lethargy. The targeted technique to be followed includes many interventions...
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Autism is a developmental disorder that affects one's physical, social, and language skills. It is considered to be a very heterogeneous (widely diverse) condition affecting at least 400,000 people in the U.S. alone. Most people with this disease are diagnosed before the age of three and tend to show symptoms like difficulty communicating, abnormalities in socialization, as well as interests....
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Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is one of the fastest growing neurodegenerative diseases in the world and the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease next to Alzheimer’s Disease. What causes it has yet to be discovered, but researchers say that people who are more prone to developing PD are mostly men, aged around 60 or older, and have relatives affected by...
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The management of hypertension in patients can improve their overall health and reduce the risk of other comorbidities that can arise from being untreated, especially those newly diagnosed. Orem's theory poses the concept of self-care and the abilities that patients have to improve their self-care. An individual’s ability to perform self-care is defined as the practice of activities that individuals...
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Obesity is one of the challenges facing the current generation and most probably the young and growing children. According to Lobstein et al. (2015), obesity refers to excess body weights or body fats that might affect one's health and are measured by the Body Mass Index (BMI). The challenges affect the children both mentally and physically and it is therefore...
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Pre-eclampsia is a serious hypertensive complication that can occur during pregnancy. Hypertension only occurs in 10% of women during pregnancy and although pre-eclampsia complicates only 2% to 8% of pregnancies, it is still devastating and life-threatening for both the mother and the baby. It is estimated that pre-eclampsia causes death in approximately 76,000 women per year as well as 500,000...
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Introduction Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder that predominantly affects the motor system, leading to a wide range of physical and cognitive symptoms. Characterized by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, particularly within the substantia nigra, PD manifests through hallmark symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. The onset of Parkinson's...
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Over the past two decades, the number of obese or overweight children has doubled in number due to a number of factors (especially with technological advances on the rise). A child is considered overweight or obese when they have accumulated weight/fat that may have a negative effect on the child’s health either soon in their teenage or adult life. Not...
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INTRODUCTION Thrombosis Research Group The Thrombosis Group at the Heart Research Institute (HRI) conducts experimental and clinical research into atherothrombotic disease. This research aims to establish the mechanisms that lead to platelet hyperactivity and pathological blood clot formation in healthy individuals. This experimental foundation can then serve as a starting point for the development of new approaches in treating and...
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Freedom of movement, a term that has existed for many years is a civil right concept encompassing the right of individuals to travel from place to place. In this modern era, globalization and digitization connect people across great distances and bringing them together due to the growth of far recaching media convergence and broadened the horizon (UNESCO, 2016). People are...
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Imagine going home and seeing your father forget on how to tie his shoe, forgetting how to cook toast, or even solving a simple math problem and getting frustrated at himself for failing. You start to notice the signs of dementia, but you think he's only 50? You do some research and realize he has Early-Onset Alzheimer's. You take him...
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In Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, the death of William Frankenstein, although he is not a major character, plays an essential role in the novel. His death signifies the creature’s transition from peace in finding a companion to destruction and hatred of mankind. William represents the creature’s first victim. This begins when the creature realizes that his creator abandoned him, and...
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There are significant disparities in the prevalence, morbidity and mortality rates of women in Swaziland in comparison to Australia when regarding human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) There are a multiplicity of risk factors associated with these significantly different statistics between the two, including education and gender, which also impact individuals in their respective countries. The current statistics in...
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Now, having a better understanding of ensuring food and nutrition security, it is very much important to understand the influence of the intergenerational cycle on the nutritional status of the community. We had been all the while stressing the importance of nutritional care to be given to pregnant women, but the bearing of it on the entire generation has not...
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