Osteoporosis is a chronic disease that directly affects the growth of bone mass. On the genetic side, individuals are born with this disorder because it is programmed within their DNA. However, lifestyle factors like daily exercise, sufficient intake of calcium, limiting alcohol consumption, and even maintaining a healthy diet can help decrease the risk of being diagnosed later on in...
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In the exploration of pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, many studies have revealed the origin of the disease and the underlying cause of its deterioration. For a long time, we have known that pathological changes in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease, such as the accumulation of amyloid plaques, occurred before the onset of symptoms such as memory loss. A...
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Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder that affects people of all ages. It is caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. A person with epilepsy experiences a sudden episode of seizures, which may include sensory disturbance, unconsciousness, and repetitive muscle jerking (Wlodarczyk et al., 2012). The treatment is the daily intake of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) regimen. More than...
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Cerebral Palsy, a neurological disorder, is common in babies throughout the United States. 8,000 babies are born with cerebral palsy each year. Many studies, treatments, surgeries, and other medical findings are being done to better the lives of cerebral palsy patients. Although there is not a cure for cerebral palsy, the patient’s quality of life improves as the patient ages....
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Hypertension can be described as, the level of blood pressure reached when treatment is advantageous to an individual. Ideal blood pressure is seen to be between 90/60mmHg and 120/80mmHg1. Within the population, it is described as normally distributed2. People are not classified into subgroups of normotensive and hypertensive as many factors come into play2. There are two main types of...
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Introduction Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder that predominantly affects the motor system, leading to a wide range of physical and cognitive symptoms. Characterized by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, particularly within the substantia nigra, PD manifests through hallmark symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. The onset of Parkinson's...
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Introduction Tuberculosis as we know it is a chronic, contagious, infectious disease that attacks our lungs. Apart from pulmonary tuberculosis there are also spinal tuberculosis, meningeal tuberculosis as well as the main focus of this assignment, renal tuberculosis. According to MacKenzie (2018:620) renal tuberculosis usually begins in one kidney and then it progresses towards the other kidney. Renal tuberculosis makes...
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Over the past two decades, the number of obese or overweight children has doubled in number due to a number of factors (especially with technological advances on the rise). A child is considered overweight or obese when they have accumulated weight/fat that may have a negative effect on the child’s health either soon in their teenage or adult life. Not...
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Introduction Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) remains one of the most significant public health challenges globally. The syndrome is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which attacks the immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells. This deterioration leads to a weakened immune response, making individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and certain cancers. Since its identification in the early 1980s, AIDS has...
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INTRODUCTION The world Health Organization reports that of the top 10 causes of death in low income countries Malaria ranked at position 6, with an alarming crude death rate of 45,000 per 100,000 of the population.1 Malaria is a life-threatening mosquito-borne parasitic infection with protozoa of the genus Plasmodium that is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito. Primarily Malarial infections...
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INTRODUCTION Thrombosis Research Group The Thrombosis Group at the Heart Research Institute (HRI) conducts experimental and clinical research into atherothrombotic disease. This research aims to establish the mechanisms that lead to platelet hyperactivity and pathological blood clot formation in healthy individuals. This experimental foundation can then serve as a starting point for the development of new approaches in treating and...
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Epilepsy is a neurological and physical condition, meaning that it affects the brain and the nervous system. The brain is the control center of the body that regulates voluntary and involuntary responses. There is a normal electrical function constantly firing throughout the brain by communication of nerve cells. When a seizure occurs, the brain is temporarily interrupted by a spur...
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Over the years eating disorders have become more common in people of all ages. As more and more people find themselves facing the harsh reality of eating disorders I have decided that for my research project I’m going to look deeper into the causes of eating disorders and whether or not there is a link between traumatic experience and events...
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Freedom of movement, a term that has existed for many years is a civil right concept encompassing the right of individuals to travel from place to place. In this modern era, globalization and digitization connect people across great distances and bringing them together due to the growth of far recaching media convergence and broadened the horizon (UNESCO, 2016). People are...
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Malnutrition essentially comes in various forms, which include undernutrition, inadequate vitamins or minerals, and overweight to mention a few, however, most people only see malnutrition from the aspect of undernutrition. Notwithstanding research has shown that not only does malnutrition involve inadequate food supply, but also can be present in people with enough food supply but who lack the appropriate nutrients....
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Imagine going home and seeing your father forget on how to tie his shoe, forgetting how to cook toast, or even solving a simple math problem and getting frustrated at himself for failing. You start to notice the signs of dementia, but you think he's only 50? You do some research and realize he has Early-Onset Alzheimer's. You take him...
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In Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, the death of William Frankenstein, although he is not a major character, plays an essential role in the novel. His death signifies the creature’s transition from peace in finding a companion to destruction and hatred of mankind. William represents the creature’s first victim. This begins when the creature realizes that his creator abandoned him, and...
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INTRODUCTION How much do you really know about HIV/AIDS? How big of a consequence do you think it causes to the human body? 1 in 7 people living with HIV are unaware of their infection (HIV.gov, 2019). The first ever case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was announced in 1981, while the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes...
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There are significant disparities in the prevalence, morbidity and mortality rates of women in Swaziland in comparison to Australia when regarding human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) There are a multiplicity of risk factors associated with these significantly different statistics between the two, including education and gender, which also impact individuals in their respective countries. The current statistics in...
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Now, having a better understanding of ensuring food and nutrition security, it is very much important to understand the influence of the intergenerational cycle on the nutritional status of the community. We had been all the while stressing the importance of nutritional care to be given to pregnant women, but the bearing of it on the entire generation has not...
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For this assignment I have chosen to focus on malaria because it is a disease that I am not very well oriented with. I viewed this as an opportunity to better inform myself on this disease and started out by writing down a short list of areas and topics that I would like to look further into. I would like...
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Introduction Infectious diseases have long posed a significant threat to global health, necessitating the development of effective treatment methods. The complexity of these diseases, caused by diverse pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, requires multifaceted approaches to treatment. As the World Health Organization (WHO) reports, infectious diseases account for millions of deaths annually, highlighting the urgency for innovative...
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Introduction Stroke is a major public health problem globally and surviving patients have very high risks of recurrence (Wolfe et al, 2010). It is the third-largest cause of death in England(Raithatha et al, 2013). The World Health Organization defines stroke as “a rapidly developing clinical signs of focal (at times global) disturbance of cerebral function, lasting more than 24 hours...
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Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death among populations across the world. The disease is deadly, thus requires timely management when symptoms appear. According to Mayo Clinic (2019), at least 795000 people in America suffer a new or recurring ischemic stroke, with relevant stakeholders now in the forefront to sensitize various communities on the best management approaches...
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Introduction Malaria, a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes, is a significant global health concern. Although Australia is not endemic to malaria, the risk of transmission persists due to international travel and proximity to malaria-prone regions, such as Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. This essay explores the multifaceted approaches to malaria...
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Abstract This paper explores seven published articles that report on the psychological and sociological impact of Down syndrome for the individual and their family. Parents discuss the many familial effects of having a child born with Down syndrome. Most parents report having a child with Down syndrome as a positive experience while other parents report having a negative experience. Included...
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There has been and there currently is an anti-vaccination movement going on that is based on bad information that has been found to be incorrect and debunked many times over. Many parents are worried about giving their children vaccinations because they have been led to believe that vaccines can cause and have been linked to autism. However, this belief is...
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Influenza, commonly known as flu, is an infectious disease of the respiratory tracts caused by influenza viruses which can be potentially life threateneing (Australian Government, Department of Health, 2014). An influenza pandemic occurs where a new subtype of the influenza virus emerges to which most people are not immune, therefore causing illnesses and deaths to large numbers of people worldwide...
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Stroke is considered as a leading cause for acquired brain injury among Australians causing morbidity and mortality, while being a leading cause for disability among adults worldwide(AIHW, 2018). Several resources highlight(AIHW, 2018; Urden, Stacy, & Lough, 2017), although there is a decrease in number of deaths related to stroke worldwide within last few decades, more than 65% of stroke survivors...
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Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) are referred to as diseases that are newly recognized or diseases whose incidence has increased over time. It may be a disease that we know of and that still persists. When some of these diseases do not directly affect us, these diseases are not given attention and are ignored. The significance of the Environment, Vector, and...
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