Aristotle was a Greek savant during the Old style time frame in Antiquated Greece. He was the author of the Lyceum and the Peripatetic school of reasoning. Aristotle and his instructor Plato have been known as the 'Father of Western Way of thinking'. His compositions spread numerous subjects: material science, science, zoology, power, rationale, morals, style, verse, theater, music, talk,...
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The Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard (1813ā1855) lived nearly his entire life in Copenhagen. Kierkegaard was devoutly religious. He was shaken when he discovered, at age 22, that his father had not only cursed God but also seduced his mother prior to marriage. Subsequently, Kierkegaardās writings focused primarily on religious faith and the meaning of Christianity. Eventually, he concluded that religious...
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Contrasting Philosophies: Sartre's Atheism vs. Kierkegaard's Faith Sartre is one of the most influential atheist existentialists. On the other hand, Kierkegaard is seen as the āfather of existentialism, while most of his later texts were more religious than philosophical in their disposition. Kierkegaard does not believe in the traditional teaching of Christianity and instead wants to build an individual, intimate...
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The word ādiscourseā becomes a significant part of theoretical and academic discourse with Michel Foucault. Foucault explains how discourse is guided by the people in power: ruling elite or state and that through discourse the power is exercised by them. It is a discourse that constructs the reality, that we see or believe to be real, maintains the slave-owner relationship...
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Introduction This paper will examine how the two literary works The Stranger by Albert Camus and Hadji Murat by Leo Tolstoy challenge or reinforce misconceptions of the East or the so-called āThird Worldā, using Edward Saidās Orientalism and Fanonās The Wretched of the Earth as a backdrop to interpret and analyze the two literary texts. While we (readers) are prone...
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Introduction RenƩ Descartes, a pivotal figure in Western philosophy, established a groundbreaking framework for understanding the mind-body relationship in his seminal work, Meditations on First Philosophy. His conceptualization of the mind as distinct from the body laid the foundation for modern dualism. Descartes proposed that the mind is a non-physical, thinking entity, separate from the corporeal body. This radical assertion...
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Whether God exists has been pondered and argued by many philosophers throughout time, and there are many different proofs of his existence given to us by those philosophers. Descartes and Spinoza are two very famous philosophers who had some similarities and differences in their conclusions regarding Godās existence. This paper will focus on Descartes first proof of Godās existence given...
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The Stranger, by Albert Camus centres around the protagonist Meursault, an emotionless and indifferent individual. As a result of his nonchalant attitude, he is often viewed as psychologically detached. This is reflected in Camusā use of succinct sentences and simple diction employed in the novel. His writing style not only reflects Meursaultās indifferent attitude but also reveals a lack of...
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Creon out of his pride kills his own wife and son out of selfishness which make him a true tragic hero. Creon is a character who so caught up with what others think. Creon is isolated character who keeps to himself his plans and acts. He is very misleading character tries to lead others to crime. Creon faces dishonesty from...
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Virtue is a characteristic in which every being should strive for. After reading Aristotleās Nicomachean Ethics and Confuciusā Analects, I believe virtue is both a state of mind and actions that reflect a high moral value; you are respectful and mindful of all actions and people around you and strive to become the best version of yourself. From Aristotle to...
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This essay will discuss Platoās conception of philosophy; his approach, thoughts, and influences in regards to the discipline of philosophy. Perhaps one of the most influential philosophers of all time, a lot of Platoās work has influenced how we as human civilization think of ethics, epistemology, logic and mathematics. The primary concept that will be examined in this essay is...
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World War II has gone down in history as one of the deadliest, most brutal, and inhumane wars of all time. It even outshines it predecessor, which was thought to be the āwar to end all warsā, yet not even twenty five years later, a new threat by humanity to humanity emerged. With the death toll well into the millions,...
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Introduction Euthanasia, a common term used for assisted death, refers to the process where a personās life is taken so as to end their pain and suffering. The term is derived from the Greek word meaning good death (Patil, 2013). The moral consequences attached to such an act can become quite complicated. Philosophical debates on the matter have been prevalent...
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Soren Kierkegaard has a lot of controversial things in his existentialism and philosophy and this includes his dislike of Kantianism and Hegeliansim and Churchism. He believes in a few things but most especially, he believed that God truly exists. Thatās why he tried looking into the concepts of churches among all religions. After examining it, he realized that itās not...
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In recent years a number of democratic movements have failed, leading to the study of political institutions. Yet, within these studies very little attention has been given to human nature, whereas throughout history the nature of politics has been discussed in regards to human nature. It is wise to consider human nature when studying politics since political acts or impulses...
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Prior to my commencement of the PHL unit, my understanding of happiness revolved around my religious perspective and personal experiences. I believed that in order to maximise my happiness, I needed to improve my relationship with god. My religious beliefs led me to the conclusion that happiness is not achieved by easy exercise, obedience, or other formal or legal dynamics....
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Before Foucault, ethics was focused on the finding of oneself within a predetermined moral order or the creation of oneself in terms of a great transcendental ought. Thinkers like Bentham believe in an ethical theory rooted in an empiricist account of human nature. Benthamās ethics reflects what he calls āthe greatest happiness principle,ā where he implies that ethics reflects the...
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Human nature refers to all that is natural about human life; an innate, essential and fundamental character of human beings. This essay compares the writings of Thomas Hobbes and Karl Marx through a collectivistic lens. While Marx considers consciousness as integral to human nature, Hobbes conceptualizes human nature based on the principle of equality. Marx labels humans as āspecies beingsā;...
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Animals have always been a part of humanityās culture and throughout history their roles in society have evolved. In todayās society, some people consider their animals to be family which differs greatly from prior norms that animals were beings placed on earth to be used as resources. Why have these norms changed throughout generations? Civilizations dating back to ancient Greece...
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āāI want to show my fellow-men a man in all the truth of nature; and this man is to be myselfāā (Rousseau, p.5). In an attempt to reach his audience, Rousseau in Confessions did what most would not dare in an autobiography: reveal āeverythingā. Confessions does not follow the conventions of a traditional eighteenth-century autobiography. Rousseauās self-portrait conveyed himself through...
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Introduction to Aristotle's Educational Philosophy This essay aims to explain Aristotleās theory of education before evaluating the contemporary significance of his philosophy of education today. Aristotle is understood to have lived from 384 BC to 322 BC in Ancient Greece which today would span a geographical area that includes Egypt, Turkey, Iraq, Iran and parts of Afghanistan (Malam, 2006). He...
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Thomas Moreās Utopia offers an analysis of European culture, proposes a model against which that society can be estimated and maybe fixed, yet the book eventually reasons that the best way to perfection is through Christianity. Whereas, NiccolĆ² Machiavelli in The Prince places a wide range of conflicting interpretations upon key sections of his works (particularly chapters VII-VIII and XV-XVIII)...
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Introduction As a comparative essay is a theoretical identification of the similarities and differences in any two subjects, this document tries to establish the same between the two thinkers, William Edward Burghardt Du Bois and John Dewey. The main theme of discussion is how the idea of education of the two thinkers differ or concur and how relevant they are...
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In everyday life, there is no moment that passes without us changing : my body changes, my character changes, my opinions changeā¦ And yet we consider ourselves and others like a unique person even though we are constantly changing. But then, āwho am I?ā Consciousness is the capacity to represent ourselves and the outside world. As explained by Christof Koch...
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English philosophers Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and John Locke (1632-1704) have both made large contributions to develop the political thoughts of society. Before we dive into each of their ideas, we need to be aware of the contexts from which they arose. Their vastly different individual circumstances have helped define striking distinctions in personal outlook. As such, this essay will first...
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In Plato's Republic, the antiquated Greek logician brings up numerous issues relating to the premise of human presence. Several years sometime later, The Truman Show raised practically identical concerns, envisioning Jim Carrey, the film's saint, in a substitute reality. In this paper, I will analyze and unravel the relationship between the philosophical disputes conveyed in The Truman Show and Plato's...
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Human nature is defined as āthe nature of humans, especially the fundamental dispositions and traits of humansā (Human Nature, n.d.). Moral character refers to āthe most important code of conduct put forward and accepted by any group, or even by an individualā (Gert). As humans, we tend to think about our actions and whether or not they qualify as being...
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Socrates is one of the few individuals whom one could say has shaped the cultural and intellectual development of the world; without him, history would be profoundly different. He is best known for his association with the Socratic method of question and answer, his claim that he was ignorant (or aware of his own absence of knowledge), and his claim...
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Although two of the most important of the early modern philosophers were writing a century apart from each other, Rene Descartes and David Hume were both examining epistemological arguments, ultimately coming to very different conclusion. Rene Descartes was a 17th century French philosopher whose main fields of interest were metaphysics and epistemology, and he is often considered to be the...
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A nation where the government works for the people, where the people can rebel against the government if itās not protecting their rights, where because weāre all equal, we all have the right to life, liberty, and property, with the separation of the church and government with no monarchy because how valid is it really that someone gets to be...
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