Lev Vygotsky 1. Biography and Historical Context Lev Vygotsky was born on November 17, 1896, in Orsha, Russia. His father was a bank clerk and founded a public library in the city of Gomel, where the whole family moved. In 1914, Vygotsky joined the Medical Faculty of Moscow University, but after a while, he moved to the Faculty of Law...
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Introduction The Oedipus complex, a pivotal concept in Freudian psychoanalytic theory, continues to spark intrigue and debate among scholars and practitioners. Coined by Sigmund Freud, the Oedipus complex describes the unconscious desires a child harbors for their opposite-sex parent, coupled with a rivalry toward their same-sex parent. This notion, rooted in the Greek myth of Oedipus, has been pivotal in...
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Pragmatics refers to the study of signs, sentence structure, and symbols. It focuses on the meaning of utterances. It is what people say in terms of spoken speech or by the use of signs and symbols. It is a fundamental component in human speech because it establishes meaning and intention hence establishing a better understanding. It also helps in establishing...
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I choose two biases to investigate and explain how these affect on my life. People read articles daily, but they are doing not recognize that bias is getting used to alternate their opinion. “I’ll believe it once I see it.” this is often what the general public says once they have a special opinion on topics. However, changing opinions aren't...
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Do you know how self-concept influences academic performance? Today we have all heard about self-esteem and we have more or less clear what this concept means. However, it should be remembered that it corresponds to the evaluative perception of ourselves, that is, how we value ourselves. Now, do we know what self-concept is? And more importantly, what is the relationship...
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As a result of ever-changing conditions and environments, humans have evolved to adapt. Evolution has changed how we respond to fear. Fear can be defined as an intense negative emotion when an organism encounters a threat or dangerous situation (Gullone, 2020). In humans, fear can be displayed in multiple ways. For example, physiological symptoms of fear can include but are...
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Born in western Russia with a well-to-do and well-educated family. He had a personal interest in psychology and philosophy. He graduated at Moscow University in Law and later presented to the Russian Psychological Neural Congress and was invited to Join Moscow Psychology Institute. He worked on child development until he died of Tuberculosis at 37. Lev Vygotsky was born in...
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Original Research Abstract: Media influence may lead adolescents to internalize patterns of physical beauty, resulting in dissatisfaction with their own bodies when they are unable to match up to these patterns. In the constant search for an 'ideal body', adolescents may begin to develop risk behaviors for the development of eating disorders (ED). The object of this study was to...
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The term ‘Bystander effect’ can be defined as ‘the finding that an individual is less likely to intervene in an emergency situation when other people are present’ (Byford, 2014, p. 232). There are two approaches to explaining the Bystander effect, experimental and discourse analysis. This essay will explore both of these approaches, comparing and contrasting them, using case studies that...
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Introduction Nollywood, the Nigerian film industry, has grown exponentially over the past decades, offering a platform for talented individuals to showcase their skills and influence society. Among these talented individuals is Princess Chidinma, a model and actress whose career trajectory serves as a beacon of inspiration for many, including myself. Her ability to navigate the complexities of the entertainment industry...
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Introduction In the realm of individual success, paradigms serve as foundational frameworks guiding one's thoughts, actions, and ultimately, outcomes. A paradigm is essentially a set of beliefs or a cognitive framework that influences how an individual perceives and interprets the world. Paradigm shifts occur when fundamental changes alter these frameworks, leading to new perspectives and opportunities. This essay explores the...
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Rationale My pilot study is going to be based on the Stroop effect. This test is to test is to see how well it works on kids and to see their reaction time. The Stroop effect was discovered by John Ridley Stroop in 1935. John Stroop found out that when a name of a colour is written in a different...
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This study is focused on the Stroop effect , this was formed by John Ridley Stroop, where they asked participants a list of colours in the same colour ink and a list of colours in different colour ink. The hypothesis for the study is 'That it takes more effort to recall colours than of words'. The main study that link...
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Human memory is a complex phenomenon which psychologists have been studying for years. Atkinson and Shiffrinâs (1968) multi store model shows how memory divides into three different stores, sensory-, short- and long-term memory, which pass information from one to another using various methods. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) criticised the model for oversimplifying short term and long-term memory. Through the development...
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Understanding memory still has a far way to go, many theories and studies have been investigated on how memories are stored in the brain. Storing and retrieving memories is described as a process. Many models have been suggested on how the memories are organized. As background, working memory occurs within a cycle. Memories begin by being encoded, then stored then...
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Study of Employee Motivation In Chapter One of our text, we learned that employees are considered human capital, which means they are valued for what they know, their education, their experience, and their individual skills. (Luthans, Luthans, Luthans, 2015). We also learned in chapter one that the aforementioned fact was not always the case. We discussed Douglas McGregor and his...
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Apparatus Standardized instructions were read to participants prior to the experiment, ensuring the instructions were understood. In addition to word lists (see Appendix A), which were required to carry out the experiment and provide participants with stimuli. The sets of cards (reading and writing conditions) each had 80 words (8 rows of 10), letter strings or X’s printed on one...
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Abstract In a class experiment a mindfulness exercise was used to investigate the effects it would have on attention. Before the mindfulness exercise was carried out an emotional stroop test was taken by all participants and again after the mindfulness test to investigate the effects. Participants were given a mindfulness test or a relaxation test to also investigate if either...
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This occurs whilst in the company of other people who are also not helping. In the example, the teenage girl (victim) in the event has experienced a bystander effect. The bystander effect occurs due to many reasons; which will be discussed in this essay. Altruism is a selfless form of prosocial behaviour whereby the recipient is not expected to give...
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1. Briefly describe your understanding of the terms, “paradigm,” “consciousness,” and “holism.” In your discussion of the term, “paradigm,” include a description of how paradigms are formed, maintained and changed. A paradigm is a method or belief in the way we conduct our daily lives. Paradigms are similar to guiding principles, or “rules” that govern our thoughts and beliefs. These...
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Bystander effect occurs when the presence of others hinders an individual from lending a hand in an emergency situation. According to a study conducted by social psychologists Bibb Latané and John Darley (1968), the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that any one of them will take action to help a person in distress. Observers are...
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Introduction and Thesis Various type of behaviors will be performed by the secondary school student in the classroom and these behaviors can be explained by developmental theories, such as Piaget’s cognitive development theory and Erikson’s psychosocial development theory. All this behavior can cause positive and negative impact in the classroom. Majority of the students often perform a negative behavior which...
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The work of early philosophers has influenced the way society has adopted certain cultural practices, religious beliefs, and even political philosophies. Some of the influential philosophers from ancient history include Marx, Nietzsche’s and Freud. These three philosopher’s work has impacted the Asian region and Korean cultures, religion, moral thinking and values. Karl Marx was a philosopher from German, he was...
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Scientific paradigm: Paradigms, introduced by Kuhn in “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”, are the lenses by which science views the world. A paradigm refers to not only the set of theories but also the entire set of processes, equipment, and measurements used to conduct science (Kuhn 1962). Within a paradigm, there is consensus over the fundamental ideologies, techniques, and methods....
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In 1960s, researchers were inspired by the invention of computer system and characterised STM as a computer with limited capacity which most verbal information is temporarily stored (Broadbent, 1958). Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) then introduced a Dual-Store Model that maintained the short-term memory’s capacity is limited and rehearsal for the retention of information is essential. However, Baddeley and Hitch (1974)...
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This discussion calls for an analysis of Paradigm Shifts. Within this analysis, it will be prevalent to look at Paradigm Shifts of the Past, Present and Probable Future, to see how they influence society. Kuhn outlined scientific paradigms as “accepted examples of actual scientific practice that include laws, theory, application and instrumentation that provide models from which particular coherent traditions...
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Abstract In most people, proficiency in language takes precedence over cognition of individual words and letters contained therein. Therefore, when an individual is presented with a random name, there can read it instantaneously without thinking. The brain can respond automatically to the name and the response time is considerably short. If the same person is presented with the word of...
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Compulsive gambling is a problematic behaviour that has a widespread impact all over the world. For example, there are many cities such as Las Vegas and Macau that are designated for entertainment purposes such as gambling, and many casinos have been established in those regions to cater to patrons. From the engaging lights and sounds of slot machines to strategic...
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The age group of 1-3 years or “toddlers” as they are referred to is an age group of children that go through an overall vast change. The toddler will steadily grow in height and weight as they continue to grow. “The average toddler weight gain 1.36 to 2.27 (3 to 5 lb) per year. Length/ height increases by an average...
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Understanding Serial Murder and Its Rarity Serial murder is a rare but real act in today’s world. While there are many factors that go into forming a serial killer, the main focus of this paper will be on childhood and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Serial killing is often deeply rooted and thoroughly thought out. And although it is important to...
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