Viral respiratory infections can cause many different illnesses related to the respiratory tract. These diseases may range from mild infections to more severe ones that can even lead to death. The most common respiratory disease is known as a cold, which is a mild infection that affects the upper respiratory tract and it is harmless in most cases. Common colds...

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Venus is a planetary hotspot in the solar system due to its thick clouds that prevent heat from leaving. Because of these clouds, astronomers cannot see into the deep part of the planet's atmosphere. However, a team of scientists managed to take a peek at the clouds' middle layer using infrared wavelengths. The new research of Venus' clouds has been...

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INTRODUCTION Language is the expression of thought by means of speech-sound. It is sum-total of such signs of our thoughts and feelings as are capable of external perception and as could be produced and repeated at will. Language means a system of words and their use and it is a way or communicating, ideas, feelings and desires by means of...

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Abstract A combination of DNA computing and a genetic algorithm is announced for RGB image encryption. The model is strong based on the scrambling technique of DNA computing operations using the crossover and mutation process and establishing a dynamic key based on a genetic algorithm, including a set of parameters such as population size, number of generation and mutation probability....

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Scientific Discovery of CRISPR-Cas9 in Gene Editing Limited scientific explorations can revolutionize a field within a short time, but experts are currently able to manipulate cells unimaginably, all due to a CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) technology. As biologists continually sharpen instruments for deleting, replacing, and modifying DNA, CRISPR strategy has evolved into a popular genome engineering method....

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Abstract DNA purification is a process that can be done by different methods to extract a DNA from any living organism. The aim of this experiment was to purify a DNA from kiwi fruit, and once it’s extracted it can be used for molecular analyses, sequencing and fingerprinting. The main concept of purification a DNA is to isolate it from...

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Introduction Language is the most primeval of persuasion devices. Through an indirect manipulation of language, proficient speakers have authentically been able to influence the perceptions, thoughts, purposes and agitation of the public, to the extent of causing people to accept false statements as true proclamations or even to support policies contradictory with their interests. Leaders have to plan, organize, lead...

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“All substances are poisons; it is the dose that makes the poison.”, Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim stated. Heavy metals are commonly characterized as metals with a high toxicity level in high concentrations generally with high atomic numbers, atomic masses, or densities, and those metals are located on the 3rd-15th groups and through the 4th-6th periods. Moreover, heavy metals...

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Abstract Haemoglobin is a protein found in the red blood cell (RBC), which consists of 4 protein components in which 2 of the components are called alpha-globin and the other 2 are called beta-globin. This protein helps to carry oxygen around the body’s tissues and organs. This investigation focuses on beta-globin. The purpose of this investigation is to find out...

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Learning a second language conveys different factors that can affect the way learners learn, for instance gender, age, culture or even motivation can be significant at the time of learning a foreign language. A recent study by Baohua and Watkins (2008) states that motivation is a key aspect when acquiring a second language, because it determines the involvement of students...

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We should be looking at the possibility of other life existence on Earth. Could there really only be humans on the Earth? There is a high chance that there is another life existence like aliens shown through studies, places, and events.. A reason to think about aliens existing is due to the amount of alleged sightings. In June 1947, an...

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Introduction Food adulteration can be defined as adding removing or replacing any substance which will eventually exaggerate the natural quality of any food product. Producing food with high quality and safety should be the main focus of food industry. But as in for today food manufacturers are more tend to manufacture food with adulterants (Mi et al., 2015). These food...

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Inquiry-based learning (IBL) is a student-centered Pedagogic strategy, a process that is ideally led by students. This strategy aims to teach students science by doing it, to attain conceptual change, or accommodate new knowledge, as Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development claims. To achieve that, students work collaboratively. Build on previous knowledge and one another’s work engaging in active self-directed...

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Introduction Humans have tens of thousands of genes, and the development of DNA microarrays by Patrick O. Brown, Joseph DeRisi, David Botstein, and colleagues in the mid-1990s made it possible to examine the expression of thousands of genes at once. Initial experiments using microarrays focused on determining which genes were expressed differently between normal cells and cancerous cells. Over time,...

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There are thousands and thousands of explanations on how the universe was created or formed; the most popular one being – The Big Bang Theory. Although there are thousands of explanations, I will only be going over three. The three theories are: 1.) The Big Bang Theory, 2.) The Steady State Theory, and 3.) Creationism. First I explain these three...

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Introduction Steel often interacts with hydrogen in a variety of ways, especially because steel is used typically in structural components. Today these applications may vary from bridges to the transportation of natural gas, making the knowledge of this interaction useful [1]. Due to its high chemical reactivity, hydrogen can diffuse into the surface of steel and then appear ionically or...

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In my research project I will be finding different Ph Levels in different kinds of water as well as Gatorade. Not only will I be finding the pH levels in different substances, I will also be finding their electrical conductivity. In my experiment The specific brands of water I will be testing are Dasani, Fiji, and Salt water I will...

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1.6 billion people are homeless in the world (“As Cities Grow, So Do the Numbers of Homeless.”). Something happened the other day that I can’t ever get out of my head. There was this guy that was probably in the war, he had one arm and one leg, he was a black man and he was very hungry. We were...

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Can life really exist anywhere else in the universe other than Earth? Does this presence of life prove the existence of aliens? Till now, Mars is the only planet which has shown some kind of signs of possibility of the existence of life on it. The research on this very topic has been going on for many years. Many found...

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Plato to Darwin to DNA highlights the different understandings of our natural world throughout history. Not only is the reader able to get a detailed view of each periods method of research and development of theories, but also is able to compare them with one another. The “scientific process” as we know today was incredibly different in the past, and...

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Abstract Transgender individuals are disproportionately affected by psychological distress, resulting in a prevalence of depression, anxiety, suicide, and substance use within this population. Research consistently shows that resilience among this community correlates to lower levels of distress, however its moderating effect has yet to be confirmed. Literature compiled from the search terms transgender and resilience yielded 14 relevant peer-reviewed articles...

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Curiosity is an innate urge in human nature. When explorers discovered the new world, thousands flocked to explore it out of curiosity. We are on the cusp of great exploration, the planets in our solar system have started to be explored, starting with Mars. Mars has captured the attention of astronomers for centuries. In ancient times, the Greeks thought of...

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There has been a long history of forced sterilization in the United States. Many of these coerced sterilizations were targeted towards poor people, minorities and those who were disabled. According to a peer reviewed journal, Mexican American and Eugenic Sterilization, one of the root cases of sterilization, is Buck v. Bell. Carrie Buck was a woman who had been taken...

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The fight for reproductive rights has been a long and continuous one that has been prominent for centuries. A woman’s right to have control and power over her own body and its abilities has been historically difficult to achieve, due to the patriarchal structure of our society, and is a battle that women are still fighting globally. However, there was...

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Abstract Gene therapy has gained large interest in the scientific field for potential therapeutic applications since the development of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing techniques. The effectiveness of CRISPR/Cas9 to treat disease has been demonstrated in studies regarding HIV, liver disease, and triple negative breast cancer, but little is known about its ability to treat oculocutaneous (OCA1) albinism. OCA1 albinism is associated...

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In the 20th century, there was a period of murder and brutality that was brought on by the eugenics movement. This cruelty mainly occurred in Nazi controlled Germany during World War II, but the eugenics movement was quite strong in the United States of America as well. Eugenics is the controlled sexual or asexual reproduction of people to encourage people...

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Color is found everywhere in nature, ranging from flowers to the vibrant colors of autumn leaves. However, this phenomenon has never been ventured into. What determines nature’s colors, and can this be altered? Does color change with levels of pH? pH is the measure of how alkaline or acidic a substance is. It is measured out of a scale of...

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Gene mutation is defined as a permanent alternation in the DNA sequence which makes up a gene that makes the DNA sequence differs from that of most people. Gene mutation could be further divided into two types which are hereditary mutations and acquired mutations. The difference between hereditary mutations and acquired mutations is that hereditary mutations are inherited from a...

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As Valle (n.d) pointed out “In editing the human genome, scientists must worry about unintended consequences, changes to other parts of the genome that are called off-target effect. Fix one thing, we have broken something else. (as cited in Hopkins, 2017)”. In other words, by developing technologies, scientists have tried out all possible ways of modifying the genes of animals,...

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