INTRODUCTION ARBITRARY PRIMED PCR The Arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) is a type of PCR which is also known as Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). It is based on DNA fingerprinting technique in which primers are used whose nucleotide sequence is arbitrarily chosen. After the invention of PCR it was realized that short primer would bind on several locations...

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Biology has been playing a very big role in our society since the ancient times until now. As one of the branches of science assigned in studying life and living things, it allows us to discover and learn about different organisms through testing, reviewing and experimenting using scientific research methods. Biology allows us to learn about the structure, function, behavior...

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Introduction In today’s time where the world is facing a financial global crisis the oil prices being dropped down to an extent where water is more expensive. We all could conclude one thing that we need a better ecofriendly and sustainable source of energy. Petroleum has been the back bone of all most all major industries post the industrialization era...

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Introduction The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) having a place with the family Arecaceae [1], a diploid oil-delivering crop with a genomic size of 1.8 Gb [2], is one of the most important oil-bearing crops in the world. It is a large feather palm having a solitary columnar stem, short internodes, and short spines on both the leaf bases and...

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Eugenics has had many different faces throughout history and it is still prevalent in the world today. Laura Hix of Northwestern University does a good job of introducing eugenics. She starts by explaining eugenics means “good genes”. It is derived from the Greek word “eu” meaning good and “genos” meaning offspring. Before eugenics was applied to humans, it worked to...

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There are many different ways in which one can describe the meaning of language. Different scholars, from Aristotle to Vygotsky, have different definitions and theories surrounding the role that language plays. However, Edward Sapir (former American anthropologist-linguist) described it best by categorizing language as purely human and non-instinctive. “Every language enables its speakers to express whatever they want to express,...

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Abstract India is an agricultural country and most of the people, wherein about 70% depends on agriculture. So, disease detection in plants is very important. Tomato is one of the strongly grown and widely used crops. There are many types of tomato diseases and pests, in which the pathology of which is complex. Crop diseases are a major threat to...

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Gene regulation is the way genes are expressed, and it starts with the central dogma. Gene regulation starts with the DNA which makes mRNA which then makes proteins. Prokaryotes, which are bacteria (for example E. coli), eat whatever we eat; therefore, if we drink milk, the bacteria will break down the lactose using gene regulation (Anderson, 2011). Bacterial genes are...

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ABSTRACT Most microorganisms on Earth live in various aggregates which are generally termed “Bio films”. They present and represent the most successful form of life. They are the active agents in bio filtration and carriers of the self-cleaning potential in soils, sediments and water. They are also common in surfaces in technical systems where they sometimes cause bio fouling. In...

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Abstract This paper presents the design of Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetic (GTEM) cell with a dimension of 2.1m x 1.2m x 0.81m over a frequency range from DC up to 1 GHz using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method in computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio. Different design parameters such as tapering length of central conductor (septum), transition in the apex, septum height...

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Background and Introduction I teach at a 2-year HBCU Private Community College in Arkansas. I have been teaching at the college for five years. Different ethnic backgrounds generally enroll in college. About 250 students are enrolled on campus this semester. The college typically has a small percentage of Hispanic students each semester. Some of the Hispanic students graduate from college...

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Abstract With increase in population the need for food is on rise, in such circumstances, plant diseases prove to be a major threat to agricultural produce and result in disastrous consequences for farmers. Early detection of plant disease can help in ensuring food security and controlling financial losses. The images of diseased plants can be used to identify the diseases....

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Introduction to the Debate on Mars Colonization Solar, wind, hydraulic energy are all ways we can get natural resources. However, NASA and several other organizations want to move everybody to a new planet? Since the beginning of history, we have been solving problems. One problem is whether or not humans should colonize Mars. With many factors that go into exploring...

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Abstract Each active life has complex molecules in their cells called DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) which are responsible for all biological features. These DNA molecules are further reduced into grander structures called chromosomes, which together compose the being’s genome. Genes are size altering DNA sequences which comprise code that are frequently used to produce proteins. There has been a struggle to...

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Gene editing can be defined as a process whereby biotechnological techniques are used to alter certain parts of a genome to obtain favorable characteristics that can be passed down to successive generations (Webster, 2020). There are many ethical issues around the modification of the genome which raises a question on whether we should edit the human genes or not. Considering...

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Gene editing sometimes known as genome editing is a scientific process of deliberately altering slightly changed to the DNA of a cell or an organism. It uses advanced technological tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 which is said to make people’s lives better but not entirely ensuring a better future for the next generations yet to come. Germline genome editing which is...

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The development in the field of stem cell technology is quickly accelerating. It’s a field that incorporates the work of geneticists, cell biologists, and clinicians and provides the possible promise of treatment that actually works for a variety of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Stem cell technologies can benefit many patients and expand scientific knowledge on “untreatable” conditions. The power of...

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Genetic engineering gives us an option to change the genetics of any animal and microorganisms to a way that may benefit us or simply to our own selfish reasons. As many of you may know, all of the medicine that we see, over the counter and prescribed medicine from your doctor are all products from genetic engineering. Without the basics...

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ABSTRACT Sign language is the way of communication for hearing impaired people. There is a challenge for common people to communicate with deaf people which makes this system helpful in assisting them. This project aims at implementing computer vision which can take the sign from the users and convert them into text in real time. The proposed system contains four...

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Introduction As most people know, DNA is the heredity material in humans. What some people may not know is that DNA is the heredity material in all living organisms. DNA is mostly found in the nucleus of the cell, which is enclosed with a nuclear membrane. Contained within the membrane is the majority of the cell’s genetic material. The main...

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The phrase ‘The pen is mightier than the sword’ is a common epithet that extolls the power of words. It is correct that it does; language is one of the most powerful tools a person can wield. Language is as capable of carrying a person to greatness as it is capable of crucifying them. But is it always for the...

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Abstract The idea that genes can be patented has been a constant, controversial issue from the very beginning. Today, patents are granted for DNA sequences that have been obtained from genes that have been removed from the human body and purified. This then becomes something that has been man-made and not a product of nature, therefore making it patentable. Biochemical...

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Cell Reproduction Cell reproduction is an important of human physiology. In this case, an expectant woman is presenting with a cut that is slow to heal. In human beings, there are two distinct types of cell reproduction processes responsible for cell division, meiosis and mitosis. Mitosis is a continuous process that goes in in somatic cells responsible for tissue growth,...

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Animal biotechnology has developed quickly over the past 2 decades. Animal biotechnology is a part of biotechnology in which molecular biology is utilized genetically engineer animals so as to improve their suitability for pharmaceutical, farming or industrial applications. Animal biotechnology has been utilized to deliver genetically modified animals that combine helpful proteins, have improved development rates or are resistance to...

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Obesity rates in America are skyrocketing, which is causing Americans to obtain diseases. The over consumption of added salt, sugar, and lack of exercise are the main causes to the obesity crisis. According to Marcia Clemmitt, a veteran social-policy reporter who served as editor in chief of Medicine and Health, 'some analysts say the key culprit to the nations sky...

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Microbiome Research The term “microbiome” is defined as the collection of the microbial taxa or microbes and their genes. Thus, it gives an idea of all the organisms and genomes that composes a sample (Xia, Sun, & Chen, 2018). In 2005, with advances in DNA-sequencing technologies such as 454 Pyrosequencing and Illumina sequencing, researchers started to analyze DNA extracted directly...

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The significance of gamification can be better understood if we realize that the human brain have a natural tendency to stay away from those situations where it feels threatened or bored. Unfortunately, language classes can sometimes be boring for learners, especially for young learners. This is why when children, and even adults, are sitting in a classroom and watching a...

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As humans we convey information, thoughts, feelings, ideas through different modes of communication which include speaking, writing, drawing, sign languages, facial expressions etc. Communication is the exchange of meaningful information between two or more people or group of people in a community or society. Velentzas and Georgia (2014) explains that to communicate means to ‘make common’ or ‘to make known’,...

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The Matrix, as a movie, is a perfect representative for an analysis of Structuralism presenting a reality that is torn between the two ideologies, The Matrix: the movie or the artificial world, the double life of the main character or the red and blue pill. Films create meaning by using structures (codes and conventions) as a language we can understand....

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Introduction/Problem In 2015, California wineries came under scrutiny after wine containing illegal and dangerously high levels of poisonous inorganic arsenic was found, according to a lawsuit filed in Los Angeles. (Schiavone, 2015). These brands were very popular and cheap and there was a total of eighty-three (83) brands under scrutiny. No wineries issued recalls, and no retailers pulled wine from...

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