“What are we? Humans? Or animals? Or savages?' (Golding). William Golding believes that a person cannot be entirely good. When it comes down to it, without consequences humankind's desires is attainable. Indeed, humankind is civil, but civility and savagery are just a state of mind. Society demands peace but there is always a temptation for savage behavior. Plus, humankind constantly...
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“Too much knockin' will ruin any 'oman. He done beat huh 'nough tuh kill three women, let 'lone change they looks,” says Elijah Mosley one of the characters discussing how Sykes Jones treats his wife Delia Jones in Zora Neale Hurston’s short story, Sweat. He uses this comment to express the extent of Sykes’ abuse and Delia’s resilience. Elijah says...
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In life there's always gonna be a good versus evil. There's going to be times where you are going to be a good person and you are gonna be fighting the bad in your life. Also in life you are gonna be the bad person where you are gonna fight off the good. In the short story Sweat by Hurston...
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'Sweat' written by Zora Neale Hurston bears an undertone of bondage and slavery against the black. In this story, Delia, who is a middle-aged black woman who washes clothes for the white people to take care of her husband Sykes, who abuses her mentally and physically. Sykes is unemployed, and therefore, he depends on Delia's provision, yet he cheats; he...
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The poem “Desert Places” by Robert Frost depicts the speaker’s lonely mind in a deserted place, resonating with the current times; the inevitable return of depression and universal human loneliness. The poet uses simple vocabulary, “the loneliness includes me unawares,” which underestimates the actual extreme loneliness of human beings (line 8). Frost explores loneliness, emptiness, and some positive aspects that...
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“Nelle” Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926, the youngest of four children of Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Cunningham Finch Lee. She grew up in Monroeville, a small town in southwest Alabama. Her father was a lawyer who also served in the state legislature from 1926–1938. As a child, Lee was a tomboy and a precocious reader. After...
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Two of the casualties of Cultural Studies have been the author and history. In poststructuralist conversations, the author has become a construct, a historical curio of a simpler bygone age. If biography is discourse, then why take an author’s life and ideology seriously? Compounding the problem is the fact that we are lacking adequate biographies of many of the greats...
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Every now and again it’s probably healthy to crack open the glass, remove a certain world masterpiece from the display case, and in re-reading it recall that—unlike Ulysses and Lady Chatterley’s Lover, two other novels once deemed obscene by the tribunes of moral upkeep— Lolita is a disgusting book. Furthermore, the day will never come when it is not a...
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Introduction: The Multifaceted Genius of F. Scott Fitzgerald F. Scott Fitzgerald is one of the most renowned writers of the 20th century that his heritage and the public fascination of his lifestyle have significant roles in the context of world literature. The realistic effort of the late 19th century writers—especially in this case F. Scott Fitzgerald—who accurately shows life and...
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Tertullian has been a controversial figure in the western religious tradition. He is often regarded as a champion of religious faith over reason and secular philosophy, an estimation which seems to be supported by Tertullian’s question “What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?” and the assertion attributed to him ” Credo quia absurdum est“. Indeed, Tertullian has been portrayed as...
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Introduction Sylvia Plath's novel, "The Bell Jar," is a profound exploration of mental illness, identity, and the societal expectations faced by women in mid-20th-century America. First published in 1963, the novel is a semi-autobiographical account of Plath's own struggles with depression and her experiences as a young woman in a rapidly changing world. The protagonist, Esther Greenwood, provides readers with...
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Many Western readers, ignorant of Islam and Hinduism, the 1947 partition of the Indian subcontinent and the creation of Pakistan, the India-Pakistan war of 1965, and the Pakistani civil war of 1974, may tend to read Salman Rushdie’s (born 19 June 1947) novels as bizarre entertainments. This is unfortunate, since each is a picaresque allegory into which the author has...
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‘The Definition of Love’ is a poem by Andrew Marvell (1621-78), an English poet who lived in Hull and whose work is closely associated with the Metaphysical Poets of the seventeenth century. In this post we offer a short summary and analysis of ‘The Definition of Love’, paying particular attention to its language, meaning, and themes. We’ll begin with a...
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‘The Divine Comedy’ written by the Italian poet Dante Alighieri was published in 1320 a year before his death. The long narrative is written in the format of a poem, which is divided into three parts and explores the journey of Dante’s alter ego and his fictional self which exists within the poem is in search of the true way...
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“It was the masterful and incommunicable wisdom of eternity laughing at the futility of life and the effort of life. It was the Wild, the savage, frozen-hearted, Northland Wild.” In this quote, American author Jack London establishes the key theme of his novel White Fang. Throughout this work, London seeks to portray his conception of nature, which is dark, ominous,...
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There were indeed a great number of things that made Leo Tolstoy such a relevant figure in the literary tradition. He was deeply interested in politics and social issues of 19th-century Russia, including class struggles and issues regarding the rights and freedoms of the serfs. Later in his life, Tolstoy partially renounced his luxurious lifestyle, naming his wife as keeper...
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One of the more interesting results from the relationship between writers and their readers lies in the transcendental nature of the work they produce. The work writers leave behind will always be left open to interpretation by future generations of their readers. What I find fascinating is the writer, however, can never fully grasp the historical and cultural implications their...
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Shirley Jackson was born on the 14th of December, in 1916, in San Francisco, California. She was a bright daughter of Leslie Jackson and Geraldine. Her parents were conservative country-club people, who raised their children in luxuries. Shirley’s childhood world was ruined by her vapid mother who was disappointed by her daughter as Shirley was accidentally conceived. Her mother went...
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A Worn Path, by Eudora Welty, is a story of a fierce old woman, and of a love that knows no bounds. This Penlighten article provides a summary and analysis of this moving story. Before writing ‘The Worn Path’, Eudora Welty was a publicity agent for Works Progress Administration in the ’30s. During that time, she captured many moments of...
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Imagine one day you are enjoying peace amongst your family and a white man forces his way into your place of living, driving you to surrender your social convictions. While he discloses to you that he and his men are better finished than you, yet they are the foreigners. Simply not recognizing what’s in store, in result you end up...
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If he ever came to speak at your church you would probably never forget him. He was passionate, articulate, totally committed. He boldly taunted the might of the Roman empire, courageously defended oppressed believers, and harshly reprimanded compromising Christians. In later life, he lost favor with much of the Church when he at least temporarily took up with the Montanists--...
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Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle to expose the appalling working conditions in the meat-packing industry. His description of diseased, rotten, and contaminated meat shocked the public and led to new federal food safety laws. Before the turn of the 20th century, a major reform movement had emerged in the United States. Known as progressives, the reformers were reacting to problems...
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This is the lengthiest of Owen’s war poems, running to 65 lines. It is bitter in tone and mourns the loss of time on earth. He suggests that it would be preferable to be a germ or a rat on earth because they don’t need to die in war. This poem lacks the heightened tone of a Dulce et Decorum...
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The author is largely successful in developing a blend between the English language and the culture of the Ibo people. Using this European language to define various unfamiliar words, explain customs, fabricate ways of thinking and translate metaphors creates the illusion of an African language while still being accessible to individuals in this English dominated world. For the whole of...
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In many ways, Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida and Measure for Measure are examples of his 'problem plays' that are concerned with self-division and lack of self-knowledge. The former play deals with the duality of the characters and it is in the knowledge or lack of knowledge in this duality between the characters which makes it a problem play. Self-division is...
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Yeats believed that art and politics were intrinsically linked and used his writing to express his attitudes toward Irish politics, as well as to educate his readers about Irish cultural history. From an early age, Yeats felt a deep connection to Ireland and his national identity, and he thought that British rule negatively impacted Irish politics and social life. His...
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Cesar Chavez once said, “Preservation of one’s own culture does not require contempt or disrespect for other cultures.” Respecting other cultures is very important if you want to have peace within your own culture. In the book Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, Western missionaries introduce new thoughts and beliefs into the Ibo society. The changes that were brought into...
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The American writer, Barbara Kingsolver is a poet, novelist, and essayist. The political activist was born in Annapolis, Maryland in 1955. Her writings are mainly based on the survival of people in harsh and unreceptive environments. However, she manages to dig out the hidden beauty of life in even such circumstances. Kingsolver dedicates most of her works to environmental concerns...
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No other writer was so good at distilling the political from the cultural as Tom Wolfe, who died in May at the age of 88. Whether dispatching the pretensions of modern painting (The Painted Word), architecture (From the Bauhaus to Our House), or radical grifters and their marks (Radical Chic & Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers), Wolfe was adept at extracting...
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Andrew Marvell is surely the single most compelling embodiment of the change that came over English society and letters in the course of the 17th century. In an era that makes a better claim than most upon the familiar term transitional, Marvell wrote a varied array of exquisite lyrics that blend Cavalier grace with Metaphysical wit and complexity. He first...
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