Introduction Optimism, a belief in positive outcomes, permeates various cultural narratives, influencing individual behavior and societal norms. Across different cultures, optimism is not merely a personal trait but a collective ethos that shapes communal interactions and the interpretation of life’s events. This essay examines cultural beliefs about optimism, exploring how divergent perspectives inform attitudes towards future possibilities. While some cultures...
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Systemic Factors Behind the Replication Crisis in Psychology Professional incentive systems shaped by a systemic preference for statistical significance play a key role in psychology’s replication crisis. Though scientific progress hinges upon the accumulation and dissemination of new knowledge, those involved in the publication process have mistakenly equated new and important findings with statistically significant results. As a result, journals...
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The theory of multiple intelligences was developed in 1983 by Dr. Howard Gardner, professor of education at Harvard University. It suggests that the traditional notion of intelligence, based on I.Q. testing, is far too limited. Instead, Dr. Gardner proposes eight different intelligences to account for a broader range of human potential in children and adults. Dr. Gardner says that our...
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Introduction An eating disorder is a mental disorder defined by abnormal consuming behavior that negatively affects someone's physical or psychological health (APA, 2013). According to the American Psychiatric Association, eating disorders happen along with side other mental disorders like panic, anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and alcohol and substance abuse problems. Consisting of DSM-V, eating disorders are illnesses during which people...
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Chinese philosopher Confucius explored what is needed to achieve happiness and sustain it. He believed that happiness is largely down to the individuals’ moral innocence and place within society rather than the individuals desires. Confucius looks at multiple ways to develop good character throughout our lives by increasing our place in society and thus increasing our happiness. One element Confucian’s...
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Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) multi-store model illustrates the three components involved in memory; where sensory information enters memory (sensory register), where information is processed (short-term memory), and where rehearsed information is held indefinitely (long-term store). As there is an immense amount of sensory information at a given time, only attended to information goes to the short-term memory. The rest is...
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Introduction According to Britannica a feral child is a child that has grown up, accidentally or intentionally, with limited human contact. But just because these children grew up with little to no human contact; it doesn't mean that they are any less human. For example, Victor of Aveyron, a twelve year old boy who was found completely naked looking for...
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Smartphone, the Internet-enabled device incorporated with computer applications and software, has become an inevitable part of life. Because of its portability and user-friendly nature, this device has attracted more and more people. According to Statista (2020), 3.5 billion people in the world use smartphone, which translates to 45.04% of the world’s population. Smartphone helps people to work, study, acquire or...
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Symbolic play is a tool used by children to try and communicate with the world in a different way. As a society or even practitioners we follow this to try and have a greater understanding of how this helps a child’s cognitive, social and emotional development, and in this essay I am going to be discussing the importance of it...
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Do you smoke? Actually, it does not matter. Cigarets are so popular in the contemporary world that almost everyone knows something about it. Smoking has been a cause of disputes and investigations for many years. Of course, it's important to talk about nicotine and its harm to the human body, but in this essay I want to reveal the topic...
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Cognitive psychology is a young branch of psychology which involves the study of mental processes: every other process that goes inside brain including attention, perception, language, memory, problem solving, decision making, creative thinking and thought processes. It looks at how one acquire information one received and how treatment of this information lead to one’s responses, that is in simple word...
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Introduction: Learning theories are important in learning because they allow for students and educators to communicate so that students have the best understanding of a topic as possible. Cognitive dissonance is when learners try to work together to have consistent beliefs, and alter their behavior or attitude so that it reduces “dissonance”. In his theory of cognitive dissonance, Festinger (1957)...
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Behaviorism is a psychological school of thought most prominent during the early 20th century up until the late 20th century. The paradigm as a whole defined psychology as the study of behavior rather than the study of consciousness which was once assumed as central to the field. Behaviorism can be defined as “the theory that human and animal behavior can...
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In the engaging and well put together book, Jerome Groopman, the author of How Doctors Think (2008), explores the mind behind of the physician’s mind. The explicit purpose of How doctors think is to give laypeople an understanding of the medical mind so that they can participate more actively in clinical conversations and improve the care that they receive. In...
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The psychosexual development theory was conceived by Sigmund Freud in which he suggested that everyone should pass through a number of stages during their childhood. Pleasure-seeking urges from children are focused on a different area of the body, which is known as the erogenous zone. Freud (1905) believed that life was built round tension and pleasure. He theorized that there...
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Introduction Group work is a fundamental element of modern educational and professional environments, offering opportunities for collaborative problem-solving and knowledge sharing. From a cognitive psychology perspective, group work can be analyzed based on how cognitive processes like perception, memory, and decision-making are influenced by social interaction. Understanding these dynamics can enhance group productivity and individual learning outcomes. This essay explores...
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Two influential theorists in psychology are Freuds psychodynamics theory and Bowlby’s evolutionary theory of attachment. Both these theorists look at developmental psychology, this is something that looks at how thoughts and behavior changes throughout an individual’s life starting from childhood, most developmental changes occur during this time. The debate surrounding nature vs nurture is a long-lasting aspect of developmental psychology,...
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Observational Report For this report, I had observed (S), a 2-year-old boy, the only son of a mother (M) and father (F) in their mid-thirties. They live in a HDB flat in Singapore with S’s grandfather (K) and grandmother (A). M and F leave S under the care of K and A when they go to work from Mondays to...
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This essay aims to take a look into the play ‘King Lear’ authored by William Shakespeare, using both the feminist and psychoanalytical critical approach. Like most of Shakespeare’s tragedies, King Lear can be identified on various levels and from a diversity of critical perspectives, due to its complexity. The result of the play not having one particular meaning, it leaves...
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Psychoanalysis is a collection of ideas surrounding the deeper inner workings of the human brain. The theory was developed by Sigmund Freud and looks at the human life as a whole, in which the adult life is influenced by their earliest years. It carries the idea that humans are driven by desires which are often hidden in their ‘unconscious’ and...
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Problem Identification Tom is a 30-year-old unmarried male currently employed as a junior faculty member at a prominent eastern university. For the last 4 months, Tom has resided with a previous female student he had mentored while she was a graduate student. While fond of this female, Tom has difficulty maintaining a long-term relationship, causing him to become increasingly irritable...
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Introduction The roots of attachment theory were first established in the 1930s and 1940s when a number of clinicians observed the negative effects of maternal separations early in life. The theory of attachment was first proposed by John Bowlby who described it as a ‘lasting psychological connectedness between human beings in 1988. Attachment theory is the joint work of John...
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“Secure attachment was once viewed as important for infant development. More recently, it has been deemed the most important ingredient for successful relationship formation, strong self-identity & confidence to function and achieve in our lifetime.” Introduction A child's experience in their early formative years largely influences their later development. The influence largely accounts for the development of their cognitive skills,...
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Introduction The purpose of this study is to review relevant literature surrounding the topic of John Bowlby’s Attachment theory. Firstly we will be highlighting the key principles of Louise Harms Multidimensional approach to human development and how an individuals inner and outer worlds are interconnected, followed by an examination of what Bowlby’s Attachment theory is and how it is used...
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Introduction to Attachment in Social Work Social work is a profession which aims to improve the lives of people by supporting them with social needs, personal difficulties, promoting human rights and wellbeing. Social workers also protect vulnerable people from harm. (BASW 2015) In this essay, I will be illustrating how social workers do this through the use of the concept...
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Developmental psychology is the study of how and why humans change throughout their life (Hurlock, 2001). This explains criminal behaviour through several ways, mainly that criminal behaviour develops due to developmental problems such as attachment problems or poor social skills. Developmental psychology asks the question is a criminal born or made? By explaining criminal behaviour through developmental psychology, it helps...
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Introduction There are a lot of different learning methods. Behaviorist, cognitive constructivist, and social constructivist are the three main forms of learning theories. The concepts of child development concentrate on how children evolve and grow in their childhood. Everyone has a personal development experience, but it is sometimes hard to understand how and why people grow, learn, and act as...
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Understanding the mind is a complex process on its own. Now add mental illnesses, chemical imbalances and more, that is a puzzle many aim to put together and unravel. With the study of Disco Di, this paper aims to understand the abnormal behaviors of a patient with mental disorders connecting it to the different diagnostic features, cultural impacts as well...
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How do psychologists determine what symptoms or behaviors are abnormal enough to diagnose their patients with a disorder? It can be difficult to diagnose sometimes, especially when culture plays a role into the diagnosis as well. The goal of a psychologist is to help the patient, but they don’t want to diagnose them with something if they don’t truly have...
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ABSTRACT Constructivism is both a theory of construction of knowledge and learning philosophy. Its proponents include Piaget, Vygotsky and Glaserfeld. The constructivist approach is new trend in teaching of mathematics by many enthusiastic pedagogues and teachers in many countries. Constructivist pedagogy does not consist of a single teaching strategy. Instead, it has several features that should be attended to simultaneously...
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